The following mineral analysis was reported for a water sample taken from a municipal groundwater water well. Determine the total, carbonate and non carbonate hardness in mg/L as CaCO3 using the predominant polyvalent cation definition of hardness. All reported as "mg/L as the ion"  Iron 0.2 Manganese 0.6 Ammonium  0.5 Sodium  4.7 Potassium 0.9 Calcium  67.2 Magnesium  39 Barium  0.5 Silica 20 Flouride  0.35 Boron  0.1 Nitrate 0 Chloride 4.5 Sulfate  29 Alkalinity  284 as CaCo3 pH 7.6 units

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.