The following materials standards have been established for a particular product: Standard quantity 5.3meters per unit of output Standard price $ 17.20per meter The following data pertain to operations concerning the product for the last month: Actual materials purchased Actual cost of materials purchased Actual materials used in production Actual output 8,100meters $ 141,345 7,600meters 1,400units >

What are diminishing marginal returns as they relate to costs?

Which costs are measured on per-unit basis: fixed costs, average cost, avenge variable cost, variable costs, and marginal cost?

What is the difference between economies of scale, constant returns to scale, and diseconomies of scale?

A small company that shovels sidewalks and driveways has 100 homes signed up for its services this winter. It can use various combinations of capital and labor: intensive labor with hand shovels, less labor with snow blowers, and still less labor with a pickup truck that has a snowplow on front. To summarize, the method Choices are: Method 1: 50 units of labor, 10 units of capital Method 2: 20 units of labor, 40 units of capital Method 3: 10 units of labor, 70 units of capital If hiring labor for the winter costs $100/unit and a unit of capital costs 400, what is the best production method? What method should the company use if the cost of labor rises to $20/unit?

HighFlyer Airlines wants to build new airplanes with greatly increased cabin space. This will allow HighFlyer Airlines to give passengers more comfort and sell more tickets at a higher price. However, redesigning the cabin means rethinking many other elements of the airplane as well, like engine and luggage placement, and the most efficient shape of the plane for moving through the air. HighFlyer Airlines has developed a list of possible methods to increase cabin space, along with estimates of how these approaches would affect the planes operating costs and ticket sales. Based on these estimates, Table 13.5 shows the value of R, how much should the firm invest in R on top of the private return; that is, an R private return to HighFlyer Airlines would have a 9 social return. How much investment is socially optimal at the 6 interest rate?

What is the relationship between marginal product and marginal cost? (Hint: Look at the curves.) Why do you suppose that is? Is this relationship the same in the long run as in the short run?

Based on your answers to the WipeOut Ski Company in Exercise 7.3, now imagine a situation where the firm produces a quantity of 5 units that it sells for a price of 25 each. What will be the companys profits or losses? How can you tell at a glance whether the company is making or losing money at this price by looking at average cost? At the given quantity and price, is the marginal unit produced adding to profits?

Concert Opportunity Cost 2 You were able to purchase two tickets to an upcoming concert for $100 apiece when the concert was first announced three months ago. Recently, you saw that StubHub was listing similar seats for $225 apiece. What does it cost you to attend the concert?

Becky and Sarah are sisters 1who share a room. Their room can easily get messy, and their parents am always telling them to tidy it. Here are the costs and benefits to both Becky and Sarah, of taking the time to clean their room: If both Becky and Sarah clean, they each spends two hours and get a clean room. If Becky decides not to clean and Sarah does all the cleaning, then Sarah spends 10 hours cleaning (Becky spends 0) but Sarah is exhausted. The same would occur for Becky if Sarah decided not to clean—Becky spends 10 hours and becomes exhausted. If both girls decide not to clean, they both have a dirty room. What is the best outcome for Becky and Sarah? What is the worst outcome? (It would help you to construct a prisoners dilemma table.) Unfortunately, we know that the optimal outcome will most liker not happen, and that the sisters probably will choose the worst one instead. Explain what it is about Beckys and Sarahs reasoning that will lead them both to choose the worst outcome.