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The concept of valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) is presented in introductory organic chemistry as a way to predict molecular geometries. The idea be- hind VSEPR is that areas of electron density repel each other so that the geometry of bonds and/or lone pairs of electrons around any one atom places these areas as far apart as possible. For four areas of electron density, a tetrahedral geometry is predicted. For three areas of electron density, a trigonal planar geometry is predicted. Two areas of electron density lead to a linear geometry. VSEPR is simply a predictive tool, but in some cases, it gives an incorrect prediction. In these instances, additional insights into bonding are necessary, such as resonance. Interestingly, several important situations are critical to biochemistry where VSEPR breaks down. Two examples are shown here. :O: CH3 H,N H3N CH3 H :0: :0: Histidine The circled nitrogen atoms are predicted by VSEPR to be tetrahedral in geometry because each appears to have four areas of electron density: three bonds and a single lone pair of electrons. However, in both cases, structural analysis has revealed that the atoms actually have a trigonal planar geometry. The following structure is called imidazolium. Which of the following statements about imid- azolium are true? Н. Imidazolium a. Both nitrogens are sp2 hybridized, and the lone pair of electrons is in a 2p orbital. b. The nitrogen on the right is sp hybridized, while the nitrogen on the left is sp2 hybridized. The lone pair of electrons is in an sp3 hybrid orbital. c. The molecule has an equivalent contributing structure not shown. d. The molecule has no reasonable contributing structures. 1. Statements a and c are true. 2. Statements a and d are true. 3. Statements b and c are true. 4. Statements b and d are true.

The concept of valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) is presented in introductory organic chemistry as a way to predict molecular geometries. The idea be- hind VSEPR is that areas of electron density repel each other so that the geometry of bonds and/or lone pairs of electrons around any one atom places these areas as far apart as possible. For four areas of electron density, a tetrahedral geometry is predicted. For three areas of electron density, a trigonal planar geometry is predicted. Two areas of electron density lead to a linear geometry. VSEPR is simply a predictive tool, but in some cases, it gives an incorrect prediction. In these instances, additional insights into bonding are necessary, such as resonance. Interestingly, several important situations are critical to biochemistry where VSEPR breaks down. Two examples are shown here. :O: CH3 H,N H3N CH3 H :0: :0: Histidine The circled nitrogen atoms are predicted by VSEPR to be tetrahedral in geometry because each appears to have four areas of electron density: three bonds and a single lone pair of electrons. However, in both cases, structural analysis has revealed that the atoms actually have a trigonal planar geometry. The following structure is called imidazolium. Which of the following statements about imid- azolium are true? Н. Imidazolium a. Both nitrogens are sp2 hybridized, and the lone pair of electrons is in a 2p orbital. b. The nitrogen on the right is sp hybridized, while the nitrogen on the left is sp2 hybridized. The lone pair of electrons is in an sp3 hybrid orbital. c. The molecule has an equivalent contributing structure not shown. d. The molecule has no reasonable contributing structures. 1. Statements a and c are true. 2. Statements a and d are true. 3. Statements b and c are true. 4. Statements b and d are true.

Chemistry
Chemistry
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ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
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Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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The concept of valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) is presented in introductory organic chemistry as a way to predict molecular geometries. The idea be- hind VSEPR is that areas of electron density repel each other so that the geometry of bonds and/or lone pairs of electrons around any one atom places these areas as far apart as possible. For four areas of electron density, a tetrahedral geometry is predicted. For three areas of electron density, a trigonal planar geometry is predicted. Two areas of electron density lead to a linear geometry. VSEPR is simply a predictive tool, but in some cases, it gives an incorrect prediction. In these instances, additional insights into bonding are necessary, such as resonance. Interestingly, several important situations are critical to biochemistry where VSEPR breaks down. Two examples are shown here. :O: CH3 H,N H3N CH3 H :0: :0: Histidine The circled nitrogen atoms are predicted by VSEPR to be tetrahedral in geometry because each appears to have four areas of electron density: three bonds and a single lone pair of electrons. However, in both cases, structural analysis has revealed that the atoms actually have a trigonal planar geometry.
Transcribed Image Text:The concept of valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) is presented in introductory organic chemistry as a way to predict molecular geometries. The idea be- hind VSEPR is that areas of electron density repel each other so that the geometry of bonds and/or lone pairs of electrons around any one atom places these areas as far apart as possible. For four areas of electron density, a tetrahedral geometry is predicted. For three areas of electron density, a trigonal planar geometry is predicted. Two areas of electron density lead to a linear geometry. VSEPR is simply a predictive tool, but in some cases, it gives an incorrect prediction. In these instances, additional insights into bonding are necessary, such as resonance. Interestingly, several important situations are critical to biochemistry where VSEPR breaks down. Two examples are shown here. :O: CH3 H,N H3N CH3 H :0: :0: Histidine The circled nitrogen atoms are predicted by VSEPR to be tetrahedral in geometry because each appears to have four areas of electron density: three bonds and a single lone pair of electrons. However, in both cases, structural analysis has revealed that the atoms actually have a trigonal planar geometry.
The following structure is called imidazolium. Which of the following statements about imid- azolium are true? Н. Imidazolium a. Both nitrogens are sp2 hybridized, and the lone pair of electrons is in a 2p orbital. b. The nitrogen on the right is sp hybridized, while the nitrogen on the left is sp2 hybridized. The lone pair of electrons is in an sp3 hybrid orbital. c. The molecule has an equivalent contributing structure not shown. d. The molecule has no reasonable contributing structures. 1. Statements a and c are true. 2. Statements a and d are true. 3. Statements b and c are true. 4. Statements b and d are true.
Transcribed Image Text:The following structure is called imidazolium. Which of the following statements about imid- azolium are true? Н. Imidazolium a. Both nitrogens are sp2 hybridized, and the lone pair of electrons is in a 2p orbital. b. The nitrogen on the right is sp hybridized, while the nitrogen on the left is sp2 hybridized. The lone pair of electrons is in an sp3 hybrid orbital. c. The molecule has an equivalent contributing structure not shown. d. The molecule has no reasonable contributing structures. 1. Statements a and c are true. 2. Statements a and d are true. 3. Statements b and c are true. 4. Statements b and d are true.
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