The channel shape cross-section and the rectangular cross-section shown in the Figure Q4 are made of materials with elastic-perfectly plastic behaviour. The yield stress of the material used for the channel shape cross-section is oy=408 MPa, whereas that used for the rectangular cross- section is 0.850y. Compute the thickness of the web, t, of the channel shape section if the two cross sections have identical plastic bending moment about the z-axis. In Figure 4, h= 88 mm, b=60 mm, a=11 mm, H=88 mm, d= 60 mm Z h Z 619 b d H

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.