Territoriality behaviors actually decrease cometition between members of the same species. Explain why this is the case, and therefore how territoriality is favored by natural selection.
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- Territoriality behaviors actually decrease competition between members of the same species. Explain why this is the case, and therefore how territoriality is favored by natural selection.Think about how we organized the mechanisms of sexual selection (mate competition vs. mate choice; resource-based choice vs. non-resource-based choice, etc.). Based on this organization, choose the pair of examples from the list below that are most closely matched in terms of mechanisms of sexual selection. Male red deer engage in physical contests to determine who mates with a female. Male mouse lemurs engage in scramble competition for female mates. Peahen (female) chooses to mate with a peacock that has large eyespots in the tail feathers of his magnificent display. Question 8 Think about how we organized the mechanisms of sexual selection (mate competition vs. mate choice; resource-based choice vs. non-resource-based choice, etc.). Based on this organization, choose the pair of examples from the list below that are most closely matched in terms of mechanisms of sexual selection. Male roadrunner presents female with lizard 'snack' during courtship. Male butterfly transfers sodium to…What is the selective advantage to winners, as well as to losers, that aggressive encounters within species for social dominance are usu-ally ritualized displays or symbolic fights rather than unrestrained fights to death?
- Which of these interactions are examples of sexual selection? Select all that apply. A change in food resources on an island favors finches with medium-sized beaks. Finches with small and large beaks disappear from the island after a few generations. Female flies prefer to mate with males that have longer eyestalks. These eyestalks provide no survival advantage, but longer eyestalks become more common over generations. Male seals compete for territory and access to clusters of female seals. The more aggressive male seals tend to secure the largest territories and clusters.Intrasexual selection involves competition among one sex (typically males) for mating access to the other sex. Intersexual selection involves mate choice in which individuals from one sex (typically females) choose their mates from among individuals of the other sex. Imagine a group of males that is engaged in agonistic behavior, from which Male A emerges triumphant. Now imagine a female that is assessing all of the males that were involved in the fights, and chooses Male A. Explain why this situation shows how intrasexual and intersexual selection pressures are likely both at play in the trait selection.Which of these interactions are examples of sexual selection? Select all that apply. - Female flies prefer to mate with males that have longer eyestalks. These eyestalks provide no survival advantage, but longer eyestalks become more common over generations. -Male seals compete for territory and access to clusters of female seals. The more aggressive male seals tend to secure the largest territories and clusters. -A change in food resources on an island favors finches with medium-sized beaks. Finches with small and large beaks disappear from the island after a few generations. -Green butterflies are less likely to be eaten than yellow butterflies due to their color. Green butterflies become more numerous than yellow butterflies in the population.
- Earlier explanations of altruistic behavior as a form of group selec-tion have been supplanted by Hamilton’s hypothesis of kin selection. What distinguishes kin selection and how does it accord with the no-tion of inclusive fitness, the relative number of an individual’s alleles that pass to the next generation?Kin Selection - Ground squirrels will often give a warning call when they see a predator, altering the other ground squirrels to the danger. Calling behavior draws attention to the calling squirrel. This being the case, why would natural selection favor this altruistic behavior? Consider this - female squirrels are 70% more likely to make a warning call than male squirrels. Also consider, male squirrels leave the colony when they reach maturity, while female squirrels stay in the colony they are born in. Explain how natural selection is working here!What is an example of co-option-- when a cooperative trait that originally served one function later came to serve a different cooperative function over evolutionarily time? There is no evidence that vampire bats hunt as cohesive coordinated group. Vampire bats help offspring, and then those offspring are more likely to help their own offspring. Dogs have traits for cooperating with dogs, but now these traits facilitate cooperation with humans. O Captive food sharing, grooming, and kinship predicted co-roosting and co-foraging after release into the wild
- Fireflies use light signals to locate mates. Individuals with smaller, and thus less visible, lightorgans are less successful at mating. In January of 1985, a highway with bright streetlightswas constructed through a prairie where a firefly population lives. This created a selectionpressure for brighter (larger) light organs in the population. The light organ was, on average,4 mm long in the population prior to the construction of the highway. In 2005, the averagelight organ size in this population (before mating) was 6 mm. This firefly species has1 generation per year, and the narrow sense heritability ( h^2) of the light organ is 0.1.a) What is the strength of selection (S) for the larger light organ.b) What was the mean light organ length of successfully reproducing individuals in 1985(the first year of selection)?Using the concept of inclusive fitness (and kin selection), explain how altruistic behavior (e.g. where an individual protects for another, even at their own expense) can evolve by natural selection? Make sure to explain what inclusive fitness is. (remember the concentric circles on the slide)Ecology regarding sexual selection: In zebra finch females prefer males who have a larger yellow cheek patch. Researchers investigating this preference think that females must benefit from choosing males with large cheek patches. Provide three hypotheses regarding the direct, or indirect benefits, she might receive.