Energy transfer
The flow of energy from one region to another region is referred to as energy transfer. Since energy is quantitative; it must be transferred to a body or a material to work or to heat the system.
Molar Specific Heat
Heat capacity is the amount of heat energy absorbed or released by a chemical substance per the change in temperature of that substance. The change in heat is also called enthalpy. The SI unit of heat capacity is Joules per Kelvin, which is (J K-1)
Thermal Properties of Matter
Thermal energy is described as one of the form of heat energy which flows from one body of higher temperature to the other with the lower temperature when these two bodies are placed in contact to each other. Heat is described as the form of energy which is transferred between the two systems or in between the systems and their surrounding by the virtue of difference in temperature. Calorimetry is that branch of science which helps in measuring the changes which are taking place in the heat energy of a given body.
The topic is
![Consider a uranium nuclear fuel element (\(k = 35 \, \text{W/m} \cdot \text{K}\), \(\rho = 19,070 \, \text{kg/m}^3\), and \(c_p = 5,116 \, \text{J/kg} \cdot \text{K}\)) of radius 10 cm that experiences a volumetric heat generation at a rate of \(4 \times 10^5 \, \text{W/m}^3\) because of the nuclear fission reaction. The nuclear fuel element initially at a temperature of 500°C is enclosed inside a cladding made of stainless steel material (\(k = 15 \, \text{W/m} \cdot \text{K}\), \(\rho = 8,055 \, \text{kg/m}^3\), and \(c_p = 480 \, \text{J/kg} \cdot \text{K}\)) of thickness 4 cm. The fuel element is cooled by passing pressurized heavy water over the cladding surface. The pressurized water has a bulk temperature of 50°C and the convective heat transfer coefficient is 1000 \(\text{W/m}^2 \cdot \text{K}\). Assuming one dimensional transient heat conduction in Cartesian coordinates, determine the temperature at node 7 using the EES software considering both the fuel rod and the cladding after 10, 20, and 30 min. Use implicit finite difference formulation with a uniform mesh size of 2 cm and time step of 1 min.
**Diagram Explanation:**
- The diagram depicts a cross-sectional view of the nuclear fuel rod and cladding.
- Nodes are marked from 1 to 7, indicating points along the fuel rod and the cladding.
- Node 7 is located at the cladding edge where the temperature needs to be determined.
- The external environment around the cladding has parameters \(h = 1000 \, \text{W/m}^2 \cdot \text{K}\) (convective heat transfer coefficient) and \(T_{\infty} = 50°C\).
**Temperature at node 7:**
- Temperature at node 7 after 10 min = _____ °C.
- Temperature at node 7 after 20 min = _____ °C.
- Temperature at node 7](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Ffb9a7c18-65f1-48ed-bb7e-4937a04e4157%2F1cb791ff-d757-44a4-8cc2-41abc9b74c0a%2Fmvr1ww_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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