study the recent sightings of a coelacanth, Dr. Marshall Westwood from the Montana Technical Institute sat down to a meal of pufferfish and rice. Within an hour of returning to his hotel room, he felt numbness in his lips and tongue, which quickly spread to his face and neck. Before he could call the front desk, he began to feel pains in his stomach and throat, which produced feelings of nausea and eventually severe vomiting. Fearing he had eaten some "bad fish" for dinner, Dr. Westwood called a local hospital to describe his condition. The numbness in his lips and face made it almost impossible for him to communicate, but

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
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Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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One evening during a trip to Indonesia to study the recent sightings of a coelacanth, Dr. Marshall Westwood from the Montana Technical Institute sat down to a meal of pufferfish and rice. Within an hour of returning to his hotel room, he felt numbness in his lips and tongue, which quickly spread to his face and neck. Before he could call the front desk, he began to feel pains in his stomach and throat, which produced feelings of nausea and eventually severe vomiting. Fearing he had eaten some "bad fish" for dinner, Dr. Westwood called a local hospital to describe his condition. The numbness in his lips and face made it almost impossible for him to communicate, but the hospital staff managed to at least understand the address he gave them and they sent an ambulance in response. As Dr. Westwood was rushed to the hospital, his breathing became increasingly difficult. In addition, he began to show signs of paralysis in his upper body and arms. By the time the ambulance reached the hospital, Dr. Westwood's face and mouth were completely paralyzed and he had an irregular heartbeat. The physicians helped by keeping his airway open, administering drugs to bring his heart back to a normal rhythm, and putting a mixture of charcoal into his stomach, which would help absorb any chemicals that might still be left there. Within a few hours, Dr. Westwood's condition improved and he was on his way to a full recovery. After discussing his case with his physician, he learned that he had probably been the victim of pufferfish poisoning.

In order to explain what was happening with Dr. Westwood, form a hypothesis about the mechanism of TTX poisoning on the action potential by drawing a normal action potential and a TTX affected action potential on the provided chart below:

**Reminder:** Label the graph to indicate what accounts for the membrane potential (or change in potential) during each phase of the action potential.

---

**Graph Explanation:**

The graph is titled "Action Potential" and consists of a grid with labeled axes. The x-axis represents time, marked from 0 to 10 units, while the y-axis represents voltage in millivolts (mV), ranging from -100 mV to 100 mV. 

This grid is meant for plotting the changes in membrane potential over time during an action potential. Typically, a graph of this kind would depict:

1. **Resting Potential:** Initial flat line around -70 mV.
2. **Depolarization:** Sharp rise toward positive voltages as sodium channels open.
3. **Repolarization:** A drop back to negative voltages as potassium channels open.
4. **Hyperpolarization:** A slight dip below resting potential before stabilizing.

Users are instructed to draw and compare a normal action potential and one affected by TTX (a toxin known to block voltage-gated sodium channels), highlighting the differences in membrane potential changes throughout the phases.
Transcribed Image Text:In order to explain what was happening with Dr. Westwood, form a hypothesis about the mechanism of TTX poisoning on the action potential by drawing a normal action potential and a TTX affected action potential on the provided chart below: **Reminder:** Label the graph to indicate what accounts for the membrane potential (or change in potential) during each phase of the action potential. --- **Graph Explanation:** The graph is titled "Action Potential" and consists of a grid with labeled axes. The x-axis represents time, marked from 0 to 10 units, while the y-axis represents voltage in millivolts (mV), ranging from -100 mV to 100 mV. This grid is meant for plotting the changes in membrane potential over time during an action potential. Typically, a graph of this kind would depict: 1. **Resting Potential:** Initial flat line around -70 mV. 2. **Depolarization:** Sharp rise toward positive voltages as sodium channels open. 3. **Repolarization:** A drop back to negative voltages as potassium channels open. 4. **Hyperpolarization:** A slight dip below resting potential before stabilizing. Users are instructed to draw and compare a normal action potential and one affected by TTX (a toxin known to block voltage-gated sodium channels), highlighting the differences in membrane potential changes throughout the phases.
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