steel tube with 5 cm ID, 7.6 cm OD and k=15W/m °C is covered with n insulative covering of thickness 2 cm and k 0.2 W/m °C. A hot gas t 330° C with h = 400 W/m2oC flows inside the tube. The outer surface f the insulation is exposed to cooler air at 30°C with h = 60 W/m2oC. alculate the heat loss from the tube to the air for 10 m of the tube and ne temperature drops resulting from the thermal resistances of the ot gas flow, the steel tube, the insulation layer and the outside air.

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.