Steam at 235°C is flowing inside a steel pipe (k = 61 W/m ∙ °C) whose inner and outer diameters are 10 cm and 12 cm, respectively, in an environment at 20°C. The heat transfer coefficients inside and outside the pipe are 105 W/m2 ∙ °C and 14 W/m2 ∙ °C, respectively. Determine (a) the thickness of the insulation (k = 0.038 W/m ∙ °C) needed to reduce the heat loss by 95 percent and (b) the thickness of the insulation needed to reduce the exposed surface temperature of insulated pipe to 40°C for safety reasons.

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Conduction and Convection

When energy travels from one object to another it is said to have undergone heat transfer. Heat transfer is nothing but the transfer of thermal energy or internal energy from one thing to another, like e.g., when a vessel with water, kept on top of a burner, heats up because of the flame underneath it.