Source: Communist North Vietnamese Constitution of 1960. Article 24: Women in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of political, economic, cultural, social, and domestic life. For equal work, women enjoy equal pay with men. The state ensures that women workers and office employees have fully paid periods of leave before and after childbirth. The state protects the mother and child and ensures the development of maternity hospitals, day care centers, and kindergartens. *Beginning in the 1950s, the Communist Party of Vietnam (the Viet Cong) attempted to gain control over all of Vietnam. Document 4 Source: Study published by the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1961. PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AMONG RESEARCH AND PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL IN THE SOVIET UNION, 1947–1959 1947 1950 1955 1959 Doctorate degree holders or doctoral candidates Professors Associate professors 29% 27% 27% 29% 5% 5% 6% 7% 14% 15% 17% 17% Senior research associates 31% 30% 30% 29% Junior research associates All research and professional categories 48% 48% 52% 51% 35% 36% 36% 36% *This study was created during the Cold War when the United States and the Soviet Union were adversaries in an ideological war, the Cold War.

Source: Communist North Vietnamese Constitution of 1960. Article 24: Women in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of political, economic, cultural, social, and domestic life. For equal work, women enjoy equal pay with men. The state ensures that women workers and office employees have fully paid periods of leave before and after childbirth. The state protects the mother and child and ensures the development of maternity hospitals, day care centers, and kindergartens. Beginning in the 1950s, the Communist Party of Vietnam (the Viet Cong) attempted to gain control over all of Vietnam. Document 4 Source: Study published by the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1961. PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN AMONG RESEARCH AND PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL IN THE SOVIET UNION, 1947–1959 1947 1950 1955 1959 Doctorate degree holders or doctoral candidates Professors Associate professors 29% 27% 27% 29% 5% 5% 6% 7% 14% 15% 17% 17% Senior research associates 31% 30% 30% 29% Junior research associates All research and professional categories 48% 48% 52% 51% 35% 36% 36% 36% This study was created during the Cold War when the United States and the Soviet Union were adversaries in an ideological war, the Cold War.