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Source A The war met a mixed reception. But it did at least, if only provisionally, do something to still the voice of opposition. Government organised demonstrations in its favour helped to encourage the waverers. By directing the call-up away from the more revolutionary minded larger towns and industrial centres, the government hoped to prolong the relatively favourable atmosphere. Only in the borderlands-Finland, Poland and the Caucasus - were there any major symptoms of disaffection and hostility to the war. But continuous military failure-all the more unwelcome in that it was so unexpected- quickly shook the government. The war became a catalyst that brought about an ever-deeper internal crisis. Each major Russia defeat in the Far East unleashed tremors thousands of miles to the west. From Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966. Source B Inadequate food and the absence of any kind of sanitary measured whatsoever are causing infectious disease to spread among the troops. These unbearable conditions are still aggravated by the absence of anything like decent housing and clothing. Worn and weary, the troops are dying like flies. And this is after thousands have been killed by bullets... All this is causing unrest and discontent among the troops. The soldiers are awakening from their torpor, they are beginning to feel that they are human, no longer blindly obey the orders of their superiors, and often greet their upstart officers with whistling and threats... The tsarist autocracy is losing its main prop - 'its reliable troops'. From Josef Stalin, Works, Lawrence and Wishart, published in 1952. 1) Questions: a) What, according to Source A, was the situation in Russia when war broke out in 1904? b) To what extent were the forces of opposition a serious challenge to tsarism? c) According to Sources A and B, what part was played by the war of 1904-5 in undermining tsarism? 2) Below are some of the reasons why the Russo-Japanese caused discontent in Russia. Group these factors under the one of the three headings: -Humiliation and loss of prestige -Criticisms of leadership (military and political) -Disruption in Russia (alongside the war) a) The Japanese were regarded as an inferior race. It was the first time in modern history that an eastern country had defeated a European power. d th troversially

Source A The war met a mixed reception. But it did at least, if only provisionally, do something to still the voice of opposition. Government organised demonstrations in its favour helped to encourage the waverers. By directing the call-up away from the more revolutionary minded larger towns and industrial centres, the government hoped to prolong the relatively favourable atmosphere. Only in the borderlands-Finland, Poland and the Caucasus - were there any major symptoms of disaffection and hostility to the war. But continuous military failure-all the more unwelcome in that it was so unexpected- quickly shook the government. The war became a catalyst that brought about an ever-deeper internal crisis. Each major Russia defeat in the Far East unleashed tremors thousands of miles to the west. From Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966. Source B Inadequate food and the absence of any kind of sanitary measured whatsoever are causing infectious disease to spread among the troops. These unbearable conditions are still aggravated by the absence of anything like decent housing and clothing. Worn and weary, the troops are dying like flies. And this is after thousands have been killed by bullets... All this is causing unrest and discontent among the troops. The soldiers are awakening from their torpor, they are beginning to feel that they are human, no longer blindly obey the orders of their superiors, and often greet their upstart officers with whistling and threats... The tsarist autocracy is losing its main prop - 'its reliable troops'. From Josef Stalin, Works, Lawrence and Wishart, published in 1952. 1) Questions: a) What, according to Source A, was the situation in Russia when war broke out in 1904? b) To what extent were the forces of opposition a serious challenge to tsarism? c) According to Sources A and B, what part was played by the war of 1904-5 in undermining tsarism? 2) Below are some of the reasons why the Russo-Japanese caused discontent in Russia. Group these factors under the one of the three headings: -Humiliation and loss of prestige -Criticisms of leadership (military and political) -Disruption in Russia (alongside the war) a) The Japanese were regarded as an inferior race. It was the first time in modern history that an eastern country had defeated a European power. d th troversially

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Source A The war met a mixed reception. But it did at least, if only provisionally, do something to still the voice of opposition. Government organised demonstrations in its favour helped to encourage the waverers. By directing the call-up away from the more revolutionary minded larger towns and industrial centres, the government hoped to prolong the relatively favourable atmosphere. Only in the borderlands - Finland, Poland and the Caucasus - were there any major symptoms of disaffection and hostility to the war. But continuous military failure - all the more unwelcome in that it was so unexpected - quickly shook the government. The war became a catalyst that brought about an ever-deeper internal crisis. Each major Russia defeat in the Far East unleashed tremors thousands of miles to the west. From Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966. Source B Inadequate food and the absence of any kind of sanitary measured whatsoever are causing infectious disease to spread among the troops. These unbearable conditions are still aggravated by the absence of anything like decent housing and clothing. Worn and weary, the troops are dying like flies. And this is after thousands have been killed by bullets... All this is causing unrest and discontent among the troops. The soldiers are awakening from their torpor, they are beginning to feel that they are human, no longer blindly obey the orders of their superiors, and often greet their upstart officers with whistling and threats... The tsarist autocracy is losing its main prop - 'its reliable troops'. From Josef Stalin, Works, Lawrence and Wishart, published in 1952. 1) Questions: a) What, according to Source A, was the situation in Russia when war broke out in 1904? b) To what extent were the forces of opposition a serious challenge to tsarism? c) According to Sources A and B, what part was played by the war of 1904-5 in undermining tsarism? 2) Below are some of the reasons why the Russo-Japanese caused discontent in Russia. Group these factors under the one of the three headings: -Humiliation and loss of prestige -Criticisms of leadership (military and political) -Disruption in Russia (alongside the war) a) The Japanese were regarded as an inferior race. It was the first time in modern history that an eastern country had defeated a European power. b) The Japanese attack on Port Arthur appeared to be unprovoked aggression, and they controversially declared war after the attack had taken place. c) Large numbers of peasants and workers were conscripted to fight in the army. d) The Russian soldiers suffered a number of heavy defeats. At Mukden, Russia losses totalled 90,000. e) When Plehve (Minister of the Interior) was assassinated in July 1904, crowds in Warsaw turned out to celebrate on the streets. f) Newspapers reported poor distribution of supplies and inadequate ammunition at the front. g) The Russian Baltic fleet was sunk at Tsushima in 90 minutes - the entire Russian Baltic fleet was lost at the expense of three Japanese torpedo boats. h) Reports made it clear that the army was badly led and organised. i) At the Treaty of Portsmouth, Japan gained control of the Liaodong Peninsula (and Port Arthur) and the South Manchurian Railway (which led to Port Arthur), as well as half of Sakhalin Island. Russia agreed to evacuate southern Manchuria, which was restored to China, and Japan's control of Korea was recognized. The end of the war came at a time of increasing unrest within the cities in Russia, compounding the defeat and adding to calls for change in Russia. j) k) Abraham Ascher suggests Russia might have avoided revolution in 1905 if it had not provoked war with Japan, saying it proved to many that the autocratic government was 'irresponsible, incompetent and reckless' 3) Briefly explain area (from the three themes) you think would have most threatened the tsar? Extension: which singular effect you think would have caused most tension and why.
Transcribed Image Text:Source A The war met a mixed reception. But it did at least, if only provisionally, do something to still the voice of opposition. Government organised demonstrations in its favour helped to encourage the waverers. By directing the call-up away from the more revolutionary minded larger towns and industrial centres, the government hoped to prolong the relatively favourable atmosphere. Only in the borderlands - Finland, Poland and the Caucasus - were there any major symptoms of disaffection and hostility to the war. But continuous military failure - all the more unwelcome in that it was so unexpected - quickly shook the government. The war became a catalyst that brought about an ever-deeper internal crisis. Each major Russia defeat in the Far East unleashed tremors thousands of miles to the west. From Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966. Source B Inadequate food and the absence of any kind of sanitary measured whatsoever are causing infectious disease to spread among the troops. These unbearable conditions are still aggravated by the absence of anything like decent housing and clothing. Worn and weary, the troops are dying like flies. And this is after thousands have been killed by bullets... All this is causing unrest and discontent among the troops. The soldiers are awakening from their torpor, they are beginning to feel that they are human, no longer blindly obey the orders of their superiors, and often greet their upstart officers with whistling and threats... The tsarist autocracy is losing its main prop - 'its reliable troops'. From Josef Stalin, Works, Lawrence and Wishart, published in 1952. 1) Questions: a) What, according to Source A, was the situation in Russia when war broke out in 1904? b) To what extent were the forces of opposition a serious challenge to tsarism? c) According to Sources A and B, what part was played by the war of 1904-5 in undermining tsarism? 2) Below are some of the reasons why the Russo-Japanese caused discontent in Russia. Group these factors under the one of the three headings: -Humiliation and loss of prestige -Criticisms of leadership (military and political) -Disruption in Russia (alongside the war) a) The Japanese were regarded as an inferior race. It was the first time in modern history that an eastern country had defeated a European power. b) The Japanese attack on Port Arthur appeared to be unprovoked aggression, and they controversially declared war after the attack had taken place. c) Large numbers of peasants and workers were conscripted to fight in the army. d) The Russian soldiers suffered a number of heavy defeats. At Mukden, Russia losses totalled 90,000. e) When Plehve (Minister of the Interior) was assassinated in July 1904, crowds in Warsaw turned out to celebrate on the streets. f) Newspapers reported poor distribution of supplies and inadequate ammunition at the front. g) The Russian Baltic fleet was sunk at Tsushima in 90 minutes - the entire Russian Baltic fleet was lost at the expense of three Japanese torpedo boats. h) Reports made it clear that the army was badly led and organised. i) At the Treaty of Portsmouth, Japan gained control of the Liaodong Peninsula (and Port Arthur) and the South Manchurian Railway (which led to Port Arthur), as well as half of Sakhalin Island. Russia agreed to evacuate southern Manchuria, which was restored to China, and Japan's control of Korea was recognized. The end of the war came at a time of increasing unrest within the cities in Russia, compounding the defeat and adding to calls for change in Russia. j) k) Abraham Ascher suggests Russia might have avoided revolution in 1905 if it had not provoked war with Japan, saying it proved to many that the autocratic government was 'irresponsible, incompetent and reckless' 3) Briefly explain area (from the three themes) you think would have most threatened the tsar? Extension: which singular effect you think would have caused most tension and why.
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