SOURCE A Stalin's decision to stand aside from the European Recovery Program was one of his greatest mistakes. Whatever their private plans, the Americans, having made the offer to all, would have had no choice but to include Eastern Europe in the ERP. Instead, the aid was confined to the West and marked a parting of ways between the two halves of the continent. Americans were divided as to the goals of the Plan. Idealists saw an opportunity to reconstruct Europe in the American image. However, from a more conventional American perspective, free trade and its benefits were themselves a sufficient objective and justification for the ERP programme. The United States had been particularly hard hit by the trading and export slump of the thirties and spared no effort to convince others of the importance to post-war recovery of free trade. American pleas for the unrestricted movement of goods were self-interested. But this self- interest was enlightened. The CIA Director Allen Dulles said, 'The Plan shows we desire to help restore a Europe which can and will compete with us in the world markets, and for that reason will be able to buy substantial amounts of our products. The Marshall Plan would benefit the USA by restoring her major trading partners, rather than by reducing Europe to a state of dependence. From a history book published in the USA in 2005. SOURCE C CZECHOSLOVAKIA An American cartoon published in 1947. The title of the cartoon is "When the time is right. SOURCE D SOURCE F Totalitarian regimes are encouraged by misery and poverty. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and conflict. They reach their full potential when the hope of a people for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive. If we weaken in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world-and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own nation. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distingu by free institutions, representative government, free ions, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedom. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people: who are resisting attempted conquest by armed minorities or by outside pressures. From a speech by President Truman to the US Congress in March 1947. SOURCE B It is now suggested that the possibility of American aid being received by this or that country involves an obedient attitude by that country. What will remain of the economic independence of European countries? The Soviet Government certainly cannot go along this path and continue to support the proposals. When it is stated that the decisive hold on the restoration of the economic life of European countries should belong to the United States and not to the European countries themselves, such a position stands in direct contradiction to the interests of European countries. The Plan will lead to Britain, France and the group of countries that follow them separating from the rest of Europe, which will split Europe into two groups of states. GREVE 10 NOUSARILONS NOS UNITE DACTIONS 10 UNPEUPLISM DIVISIONS PAIN A photograph of workers in Paris demonstrating in 1947 for more pay, more bread and more united action by left-wing groups. SOURCE G The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan are both part of an American plan to enslave Europe. America's aspirations to world supremacy encounter an obstacle in the USSR, the stronghold of anti- imperialist and anti-fascist policy. Soviet foreign policy proceeds from the fact of co-existence for a long period of the two systems, capitalism and socialism. The Truman Doctrine, which provides for American assistance to all reactionary regimes which actively oppose the democratic peoples, b a frankly aggressive character. The cornerstone of the Marshall Plan is the restoration of the industrial areas of West Germany controlled by American monopolies. The Soviet Union will make every effort to ensure that the Marshall Plan is doomed to failure. The Communist parties of France, Italy and Great Britain and other countries must play a part in this. From a speech by Andrei Zhdanov, organiser of Cominform's first meeting in September 1947. 6. Study all the sources. How far do these sources provide convincing evidence that the USA was to blame for dividing Europe into two camps? Use the sources to explain your answer. From a statement by Molotov at the first Paris meeting about the Marshall Plan in July 1947. Molotov was the Soviet Foreign Minister. SOURCE E SOURCE H KPOKOAMA A cartoon published in a Soviet magazine in 1947. At the top, the figures at the back are European leaders. At the bottom, the peoples of Europe are shown demonstrating for a better life and against warmongering WESTERN EUROPE A cartoon published in Britain in 1947. The cartoon is called The Truman Line

SOURCE A Stalin's decision to stand aside from the European Recovery Program was one of his greatest mistakes. Whatever their private plans, the Americans, having made the offer to all, would have had no choice but to include Eastern Europe in the ERP. Instead, the aid was confined to the West and marked a parting of ways between the two halves of the continent. Americans were divided as to the goals of the Plan. Idealists saw an opportunity to reconstruct Europe in the American image. However, from a more conventional American perspective, free trade and its benefits were themselves a sufficient objective and justification for the ERP programme. The United States had been particularly hard hit by the trading and export slump of the thirties and spared no effort to convince others of the importance to post-war recovery of free trade. American pleas for the unrestricted movement of goods were self-interested. But this self- interest was enlightened. The CIA Director Allen Dulles said, 'The Plan shows we desire to help restore a Europe which can and will compete with us in the world markets, and for that reason will be able to buy substantial amounts of our products. The Marshall Plan would benefit the USA by restoring her major trading partners, rather than by reducing Europe to a state of dependence. From a history book published in the USA in 2005. SOURCE C CZECHOSLOVAKIA An American cartoon published in 1947. The title of the cartoon is "When the time is right. SOURCE D SOURCE F Totalitarian regimes are encouraged by misery and poverty. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and conflict. They reach their full potential when the hope of a people for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive. If we weaken in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world-and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own nation. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distingu by free institutions, representative government, free ions, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedom. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people: who are resisting attempted conquest by armed minorities or by outside pressures. From a speech by President Truman to the US Congress in March 1947. SOURCE B It is now suggested that the possibility of American aid being received by this or that country involves an obedient attitude by that country. What will remain of the economic independence of European countries? The Soviet Government certainly cannot go along this path and continue to support the proposals. When it is stated that the decisive hold on the restoration of the economic life of European countries should belong to the United States and not to the European countries themselves, such a position stands in direct contradiction to the interests of European countries. The Plan will lead to Britain, France and the group of countries that follow them separating from the rest of Europe, which will split Europe into two groups of states. GREVE 10 NOUSARILONS NOS UNITE DACTIONS 10 UNPEUPLISM DIVISIONS PAIN A photograph of workers in Paris demonstrating in 1947 for more pay, more bread and more united action by left-wing groups. SOURCE G The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan are both part of an American plan to enslave Europe. America's aspirations to world supremacy encounter an obstacle in the USSR, the stronghold of anti- imperialist and anti-fascist policy. Soviet foreign policy proceeds from the fact of co-existence for a long period of the two systems, capitalism and socialism. The Truman Doctrine, which provides for American assistance to all reactionary regimes which actively oppose the democratic peoples, b a frankly aggressive character. The cornerstone of the Marshall Plan is the restoration of the industrial areas of West Germany controlled by American monopolies. The Soviet Union will make every effort to ensure that the Marshall Plan is doomed to failure. The Communist parties of France, Italy and Great Britain and other countries must play a part in this. From a speech by Andrei Zhdanov, organiser of Cominform's first meeting in September 1947. 6. Study all the sources. How far do these sources provide convincing evidence that the USA was to blame for dividing Europe into two camps? Use the sources to explain your answer. From a statement by Molotov at the first Paris meeting about the Marshall Plan in July 1947. Molotov was the Soviet Foreign Minister. SOURCE E SOURCE H KPOKOAMA A cartoon published in a Soviet magazine in 1947. At the top, the figures at the back are European leaders. At the bottom, the peoples of Europe are shown demonstrating for a better life and against warmongering WESTERN EUROPE A cartoon published in Britain in 1947. The cartoon is called The Truman Line