Show all your work. Indicate clearly the methods you use, because you will be scored on the correctness of your methods as well as on the accuracy and completeness of your results and explanations. Fingerprint analysis and blood grouping are features that do not change through the lifetime of an individual. Fingerprint features appear early in the development of a fetus, and blood types are determined by genetics. Therefore, each is considered an effective tool for identification of individuals. These characteristics are also of interest in the discipline of biological anthropology-a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings. The relationship between these characteristics was the subject of a study conducted by biological anthropologists with a simple random sample of male students from a certain region with a large student population. Fingerprint patterns are generally classified as loops, whorls, and arches. The four principal blood types are designated as A, B, AB, and O. The table shows the distribution of fingerprint patterns and blood types for the sample. Expected counts are listed in parentheses. The anthropologists were interested in the possible association between the variables. Blood Type A B AB Total Loops 66 (71.69) 99 (112.19) 35 (32.29) 101 (84.83) 301 Whorls 51 (47.16) 91 (73.80) 15 (21.24) 41 (55.80) 198 Arches 14 (12.15) 15 (19.01) 9 (5.47) 13 (14.37) 51 Total 131 205 59 155 550

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Confidence Intervals

When we calculate intervals in probability and statistics, it can be simply termed as finding out a confidence interval. The confidence interval is usually calculated from the data set which is observed. The value of the parameter that needs to be calculated is present here only.