SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Although both ends of a microtubulecan gain or lose subunits, one end (called the plus end)polymerizes and depolymerizes at a higher rate than theother end (the minus end). For spindle microtubules, the plusends are in the center of the spindle, and the minus ends areat the poles. Motor proteins that move along microtubulesspecialize in walking either toward the plus end or towardthe minus end; the two types are called plus end–directedand minus end–directed motor proteins, respectively. Givenwhat you know about chromosome movement and spindlechanges during anaphase, predict which type of motorproteins would be present on (a) kinetochore microtubulesand (b) nonkinetochore microtubules.
Proteins
We generally tend to think of proteins only from a dietary lens, as a component of what we eat. However, they are among the most important and abundant organic macromolecules in the human body, with diverse structures and functions. Every cell contains thousands and thousands of proteins, each with specific functions. Some help in the formation of cellular membrane or walls, some help the cell to move, others act as messages or signals and flow seamlessly from one cell to another, carrying information.
Protein Expression
The method by which living organisms synthesize proteins and further modify and regulate them is called protein expression. Protein expression plays a significant role in several types of research and is highly utilized in molecular biology, biochemistry, and protein research laboratories.
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Although both ends of a microtubule
can gain or lose subunits, one end (called the plus end)
other end (the minus end). For spindle microtubules, the plus
ends are in the center of the spindle, and the minus ends are
at the poles. Motor proteins that move along microtubules
specialize in walking either toward the plus end or toward
the minus end; the two types are called plus end–directed
and minus end–directed motor proteins, respectively. Given
what you know about chromosome movement and spindle
changes during anaphase, predict which type of motor
proteins would be present on (a) kinetochore microtubules
and (b) nonkinetochore microtubules.
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