Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Provide the chemical drawing for the Schiff's test.

Transcribed Image Text:**Chemical Analysis Results Table**
| Test | Result |
|--------------------------|------------------------------|
| **DNP Test** | + orange solid |
| **Tollens Test** | Silver mirror |
| **Benedicts Test** | Red precipitate |
| **Schiff's Test** | Pink color |
| **Chromic Acid Test** | Green precipitate |
| **DNP Derivative Mpt** | 160°C |
| **Semicarbazide Mpt** | 225°C |
| **Phenyl Hydrazine Mpt** | 240°C |
**Explanation:**
This table details the qualitative and quantitative results of an unknown compound subjected to various chemical tests.
- The **DNP test** resulted in an orange solid, indicating the presence of a carbonyl group (like aldehydes or ketones).
- The **Tollens test** produced a silver mirror, suggesting the presence of an aldehyde.
- The **Benedicts test** yielded a red precipitate, further confirming the presence of a reducing sugar or aldehyde.
- **Schiff's test** showed a pink color, which also supports the presence of aldehydes.
- Using **Chromic Acid**, a green precipitate was observed, consistent with aldehydes as they can be oxidized.
- Melting points (mpt) were recorded for several derivatives:
- **DNP derivative** at 160°C
- **Semicarbazide** at 225°C
- **Phenyl hydrazine** at 240°C
These results collectively help in identifying the unknown compound by matching these characteristics with known data.

Transcribed Image Text:### Infrared Spectrum Analysis
The image displays an infrared (IR) spectrum, which is a graph showing how a sample absorbs infrared light. This type of analysis is crucial for identifying chemical compounds and examining molecular structure.
#### Graph Details:
- **Title:** Infrared Spectrum
- **Axes:**
- **X-axis:** Wavenumber (cm<sup>-1</sup>). This typically ranges from around 4000 to 400 cm<sup>-1</sup>, suggesting the region of the infrared spectrum under analysis. The wavenumber is inversely proportional to the wavelength.
- **Y-axis:** Transmittance. This indicates the percentage of light that passes through the sample. The values range from 0 (no light transmitted) to 1 (all light transmitted).
#### Spectrum Characteristics:
- The **red line** represents the transmittance as a function of the wavenumber.
- **Peaks (or troughs)** in the spectrum occur where the sample absorbs infrared light at specific wavenumbers. These correspond to the vibrational frequencies of the bonds in the molecules.
- Notable **absorption bands** appear between 4000–500 cm<sup>-1</sup>, indicating the presence of specific functional groups or chemical bonds.
#### Interpretation:
- The pattern and location of the peaks provide insight into the molecular composition of the sample.
- By comparing the peaks to known reference spectra, it is possible to identify certain functional groups or even entire compounds.
### Educational Implications
Infrared spectroscopy is an essential tool in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science, allowing for non-destructive analysis of substances. Understanding how to interpret these graphs is crucial for students and professionals working with chemical identification and molecular structure analysis.
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