Rubbing your hands together warms them by converting work into thermal energy. If a woman rubs her hands back and forth for a total of 20 rubs, at a distance of 7.50 cm per rub, and with an average frictional force of 40.0 N, what is the temperature increase? The mass of tissues warmed is only 0.100 kg, mostly in the palms and fingers.
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- What is the rate of heat transfer in J/s through the body's skin and the fat layer just beneath its surface? Treat the skin and fat as a single layer that is 1.20 cm thick. Assume the temperature of the inner surface of the layer corresponds to internal body temperature, or 36.7 °C, and the temperature of the outer surface of the layer corresponds to skin temperature, or 34.0 °C. Take the total surface area of the layer to be 1.50 m² and use a value of 0.413 W/(m-C°) for the average thermal conductivity of the layer. Number UnitsA square steel bar of side length w = 0.27 m has a thermal conductivity of k = 15.2 J/(s⋅m⋅°C) and is L = 2.4 m long. One end is placed near a blowtorch so that the temperature is T1 = 84° C while the other end rests on a block of ice so that the temperature is a constant T2. Part (a) Input an expression for the heat transferred to the cold end of the bar as a function of time, using A = w2 as the cross-sectional area of the bar. Part (b) How much energy, in joules, was conducted in 1 hour, assuming T2 = 0° C? Part (c) Input an expression for the mass of the water melted in 1 hour using Q1 from above and Lf the latent heat of fusion.An unknown material, m1 = 0.31 kg, at a temperature of T1 = 96 degrees C is added to a Dewer (an insulated container) which contains m2 = 1.2 kg of water at T2 = 22 degrees C. Water has a specific heat of cw = 4186 J/(kg⋅K). After the system comes to equilibrium the final temperature is T = 32.8 degrees C. What is the specific heat of the unknown material in J/(kg⋅K)?
- The thermal conductivities of human tissues vary greatly. Fat and skin have conductivities of about 0.20 W/m · K and 0.020 W/m · K respectively, while other tissues inside the body have conductivities of about 0.50 W/m · K. Assume that between the core region of the body and the skin surface lies a skin layer of 1.0 mm, fat layer of 0.50 cm, and 3.2 cm of other tissues. (a) Find the R-factor for each of these layers, and the equivalent R-factor for all layers taken together, retaining two digits. Rskin m2 · K/W Rfat m2 · K/W Rtissue m2 · K/W R m2 · K/W (b) Find the rate of energy loss when the core temperature is 37°C and the exterior temperature is 0°C. Assume that both a protective layer of clothing and an insulating layer of unmoving air are absent, and a body area of 2.0 m2. WA 75.0 kg concrete block falls off a 7.5 m tall wall. If all the initial energy of the concrete block is absorbed by itself when it hits the ground. What is the change in temperature of the concrete block (specific heat of concrete is 880 J/kg K)?A solid sphere has a temperature of 799 K. The sphere is melted down and recast into a cube that has the same emissivity and emits the same radiant power as the sphere. What is the cube's temperature in kelvins? Number TS Units To
- A square steel bar of side length w = 0.13 m has a thermal conductivity of k = 14 J/(s⋅m⋅°C) and is L = 2.1 m long. One end is placed near a blowtorch so that the temperature is T1 = 78° C while the other end rests on a block of ice so that the temperature is a constant T2. (a) Input an expression for the heat transferred to the cold end of the bar as a function of time, using A = w2 as the cross-sectional area of the bar. (b) How much energy, in joules, was conducted in 1 hour, assuming T2 = 0° C? (c) Input an expression for the mass of the water melted in 1 hour using Q1 from above and Lf the latent heat of fusion.Water is placed into an iron container along with an ice cube. They are thermally isolated.The iron container has a mass of 790. g and is initially at 72.0 degrees Celsius. The water has a mass of 220. g and is initially at 17.0 degrees Celsius. The ice cube has a mass of 80.0 g and is initially at -15.0 degrees Celsius.What is the heat required to raise the temperature of the ice to 0 degrees Celsius?If her body retains 10 J of thermal energy for each joule of work done while lifting, how many times must she lift the barbell to warm her body 0.50∘C?