Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 10th Edition
ISBN: 9781337399074
Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
1 Basic Concepts Of Chemistry 2 Atoms Molecules And Ions 3 Chemical Reactions 4 Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information About Chemical Reactions 5 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Energy And Chemical Reactions 6 The Structure Of Atoms 7 The Structure Of Atoms And Periodic Trends 8 Bonding And Molecular Structure 9 Bonding And Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization And Molecular Orbitals 10 Gases And Their Properties 11 Intermolecular Forces And Liquids 12 The Solid State 13 Solutions And Their Behavior 14 Chemical Kinetics: The Rates Of Chemical Reactions 15 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria 16 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry Of Acids And Bases 17 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects Of Aqueous Equilibria 18 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy And Free Energy 19 Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions 20 Environmental Chemistry-earth's Environment, Energy, And Sustainability 21 The Chemistry Of The Main Group Elements 22 The Chemistry Of The Transistion Elements 23 Carbon: Not Just Another Element 24 Biochemistry 25 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter18: Principles Of Chemical Reactivity: Entropy And Free Energy
18.1 Spontaneity And Dispersal Of Energy: Entropy 18.2 Entropy: A Microscopic Understanding 18.3 Entropy Measurement And Values 18.4 Entropy Changes And Spontaneity 18.5 Gibbs Free Energy 18.6 Calculating And Using Standard Free Energies, Δfg˚ 18.7 The Interplay Of Kinetics And Thermodynamics Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1PS: Solid NH4NO3 is placed in a beaker containing water at 25 C. When the solid has completely... Problem 2PS: Acetic acid, a weak acid, was added to a beaker containing water at 25 C, giving a solution... Problem 3PS: Identify the following processes as either spontaneous or not spontaneous. (a) Ice melts when placed... Problem 4PS: Identify the following processes as either spontaneous or not spontaneous. (a) Liquid water turns to... Problem 5PS Problem 6PS: Predict whether each of the following processes results in an increase in entropy in the system.... Problem 7PS: Indicate which of the following processes are reversible. (a) Nitrogen gas expands into a vacuum.... Problem 8PS Problem 9PS Problem 10PS Problem 11PS Problem 12PS: Calculate the entropy change that occurs when 1.00 mol of steam is converted to liquid water at 100... Problem 13PS Problem 14PS: Calculate the change in entropy of a system with an increase in volume from 1.0 L to 2.0 L. Problem 15PS: The third law of thermodynamics says that a perfect crystal at 0 K has zero entropy. The standard... Problem 16PS: Identify trends in S values: (a) For the halogens: F2(g), Cl2(g), Br2(), I2(s). (b) For the gaseous... Problem 17PS: Which substance has the higher entropy? (a) dry ice (solid CO2) at 78 C or CO2(g) at 0 C (b) liquid... Problem 18PS: Which substance has the higher entropy? (a) a sample of pure silicon (to be used in a computer chip)... Problem 19PS: Use S values to calculate the standard entropy change, rS0, for each of the following processes and... Problem 20PS: Use S values to calculate the standard entropy change, rS, for each of the following processes, and... Problem 21PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the formation of 1.0 mol of the following compounds from... Problem 22PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the formation of 1.0 mol of the following compounds from... Problem 23PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the following reactions at 25 C. Comment on the sign of... Problem 24PS: Calculate the standard entropy change for the following reactions at 25 C. Comment on the sign of... Problem 25PS: Is the reaction Si(s) + 2 Cl2(g) SiCl4(g) spontaneous under standard conditions at 298.15 K? Answer... Problem 26PS: Is the reaction Si(s) + 2 H2(g) SiH4(g) spontaneous under standard conditions at 298.15 K? Answer... Problem 27PS: Calculate S(universe) for the decomposition of 1 mol of liquid water to form gaseous hydrogen and... Problem 28PS: Calculate S(universe) for the formation of 1 mol HCl(g) from gaseous hydrogen and chlorine. Is this... Problem 29PS: Classify each of the reactions according to one of the four reaction types summarized in Table 18.1.... Problem 30PS: Classify each of the reactions according to one of the four reaction types summarized in Table 18.1.... Problem 31PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. (a) 2 Pb(s) +... Problem 32PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. (a) 2 Na(s) + 2... Problem 33PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard molar free energy of formation, fG, for each of the... Problem 34PS: Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard molar free energy of formation, fG, for each of the... Problem 35PS: Using values of fG, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. Which are... Problem 36PS: Using values of fG, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. Which are product-... Problem 37PS: For the reaction BaCO3(s) BaO(s) + CO2(g), rG = +219.7 kJ/mol-rxn. Using this value and other data... Problem 38PS: For the reaction TiCl2(s) + Cl2(g) TiCl4(), rG = 272.8 kj/mol-txn. Using this value and other data... Problem 39PS: Determine whether the reactions listed below are entropy-favored or disfavored under standard... Problem 40PS: Determine whether the reactions listed below are entropy-favored or disfavored under standard... Problem 41PS: Heating some metal carbonates, among them magnesium carbonate, leads to their decomposition.... Problem 42PS: Calculate rH and rS for the reaction of tin(IV) oxide with carbon. SnO2(s) + C(s) Sn(s) + CO2(g)... Problem 43PS: The ionization constant, Ka, for acetic acid is 1.8 105 at 25 C. What is the value of rG for this... Problem 44PS Problem 45PS: The standard free energy change, rG, for the formation of NO(g) from its elements is + 86.58... Problem 46PS Problem 47PS: Calculate rG at 25 C for the formation of 1.00 mol of C2H6(g) from C2H4(g) and H2(g). Use this value... Problem 48PS Problem 49PS Problem 50PS Problem 51GQ: Compare the compounds in each set below and decide which is expected to have the higher entropy.... Problem 52GQ: Using standard entropy values, calculate rS for the formation of 1.0 mol of NH3(g) from N2(g) and... Problem 53GQ: About 5 billion kilograms of benzene, C6H6, are made each year. Benzene is used as a starting... Problem 54GQ: Hydrogenation, the addition of hydrogen to an organic compound, is an industrially important... Problem 55GQ: Is the combustion of ethane, C2H6, product-favored at equilibrium at 25 C? C2H6(g) + 7/2 O2(g) 2... Problem 56GQ Problem 57GQ: When vapors from hydrochloric acid and aqueous ammonia come in contact, they react, producing a... Problem 58GQ: Calculate S(system), S(surroundings), and S(universe) for each of the following processes at 298 K,... Problem 59GQ: Methanol is now widely used as a fuel in race cars. Consider the following reaction as a possible... Problem 60GQ: The enthalpy of vaporization of liquid diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, is 26.0 kJ/mol at the boiling point... Problem 61GQ: Calculate the entropy change, rS, for the vaporization of ethanol, C2H5OH, at its normal boiling... Problem 62GQ: Using thermodynamic data, estimate the normal boiling point of ethanol. (Recall that liquid and... Problem 63GQ Problem 64GQ: When calcium carbonate is heated strongly, CO2 gas is evolved. The equilibrium pressure of CO2 is... Problem 65GQ: Sodium reacts violently with water according to the equation Na(s) + H2O() NaOH(aq) + H2(g)... Problem 66GQ: Yeast can produce ethanol by the fermentation of glucose (C6H12O6), which is the basis for the... Problem 67GQ: Elemental boron, in the form of thin fibers, can be made by reducing a boron halide with H2. BCl3(g)... Problem 68GQ Problem 69GQ Problem 70GQ: Estimate the boiling point of water in Denver, Colorado (where the altitude is 1.60 km and the... Problem 71GQ: The equilibrium constant for the butane iso-butane equilibrium at 25 C is 2.50. Calculate rG at... Problem 72GQ: A crucial reaction for the production of synthetic fuels is the production of H2 by the reaction of... Problem 73GQ: Calculate rG for the decomposition of sulfur trioxide to sulfur dioxide and oxygen. 2 SO3(g) 2... Problem 74GQ Problem 75GQ: A cave in Mexico was recently discovered to have some interesting chemistry. Hydrogen sulfide, H2S,... Problem 76GQ: Wet limestone is used to scrub SO2 gas from the exhaust gases of power plants. One possible reaction... Problem 77GQ: Sulfur undergoes a phase transition between 80 and 100 C. S8(rhombic) S8(monoclinic) rH = 3.213... Problem 78GQ: Calculate the entropy change for dissolving HCl gas in water at 25 C. Is the sign of rS what you... Problem 79IL: Some metal oxides can be decomposed to the metal and oxygen under reasonable conditions. Is the... Problem 80IL Problem 81IL Problem 82IL Problem 83IL: Titanium(IV) oxide is converted to titanium carbide with carbon at a high temperature. TiO2(s) + 3... Problem 84IL: Cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] is a potent treatment for certain types of cancers, but... Problem 85IL Problem 86SCQ: Explain why each of the following statements is incorrect. (a) Entropy increases in all spontaneous... Problem 87SCQ: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, rewrite it to make it... Problem 88SCQ: Under what conditions is the entropy of a pure substance 0 J/K mol? Could a substance at standard... Problem 89SCQ Problem 90SCQ: Consider the formation of NO(g) from its elements. N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) (a) Calculate Kp at 25 C.... Problem 91SCQ Problem 92SCQ: The normal melting point of benzene, C6H6, is 5.5 C. For the process of melting, what is the sign of... Problem 93SCQ Problem 94SCQ: For each of the following processes, predict the algebraic sign of rH, rS, and rG. No calculations... Problem 95SCQ: Heater Meals are food packages that contain their own heat source, lust pour water into the heater... Problem 96SCQ Problem 97SCQ Problem 98SCQ Problem 99SCQ: Iodine, I2, dissolves readily in carbon tetrachloride. For this process, H = 0 kJ/mol. I2(s) I2 (in... Problem 100SCQ Problem 101SCQ Problem 102SCQ Problem 103SCQ Problem 104SCQ Problem 105SCQ: The Haber-Bosch process for the production of ammonia is one of the key industrial processes in... Problem 106SCQ Problem 107SCQ Problem 44PS
Related questions
Consider the standard reduction equations below and answer the following questions:
Substance
Reaction
Eo (V)
Arrax (A)
A3+ (aq) + 2e– ⇌ A+ (aq)
+0.85
Dreamfyre (D)
D2+ (aq) + 2e– ⇌ D(s)
–0.15
Tessarion (T)
T+ (aq) + e– ⇌ T(s)
–0.75
Moondancer (M)
M3+ (aq) + 3e– ⇌ M(s)
+0.20
Quicksilver (Q2 )
2Q+ (aq) + 2e– ⇌ Q2(g)
+0.65
G. (T/F) The electrochemical cell with the notation Pt (s) |Q 2(g) |Q + ||A 3+ , A + |Pt (s)
true or false
H. (T/F) Consider the galvanic cell with the notation T (s) |T + ||M 3+ |M (s) + ions will migrate towards M3+ /M.
true or false
Definition Definition Study of chemical reactions that result in the production of electrical energy. Electrochemistry focuses particularly on how chemical energy is converted into electrical energy and vice-versa. This energy is used in various kinds of cells, batteries, and appliances. Most electrochemical reactions involve oxidation and reduction.
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