Prostaglandin synthase converts which molecule into prostaglandin H2? ____________Movement of a lipid molecule from one side of a membrane to another is called __________ diffusion.All pump proteins require which molecule as fuel? ______The MDR protein belongs to a class of pump proteins called _______The portion of an ion channel protein which fits a specific ion is called a ______ ________The sodium-calcium exchange protein found in heart cells is an example of a(n) _______Transport across membranes with the concentration gradient which uses channel proteins but no ATP is called ______ ______ or ________ ________Transport proteins which utilize the energy released by transport of one ion or molecule along its concentration gradient to transport a second ion or molecule against its concentration gradient are called ___________ transporters.An ion channel which uses acetylcholine binding as a signal to open would be classed as a(n) _____________ gated channel.The very toxic compound tetrodotoxin exerts its toxicity by _________ sodium channels.

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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Question

Prostaglandin synthase converts which molecule into prostaglandin H₂? ____________
Movement of a lipid molecule from one side of a membrane to another is called __________ diffusion.
All pump proteins require which molecule as fuel? ______
The MDR protein belongs to a class of pump proteins called _______
The portion of an ion channel protein which fits a specific ion is called a ______ ________
The sodium-calcium exchange protein found in heart cells is an example of a(n) _______
Transport across membranes with the concentration gradient which uses channel proteins but no ATP is called ______ ______ or ________ ________
Transport proteins which utilize the energy released by transport of one ion or molecule along its concentration gradient to transport a second ion or molecule against its concentration gradient are called ___________ transporters.
An ion channel which uses acetylcholine binding as a signal to open would be classed as a(n) _____________ gated channel.
The very toxic compound tetrodotoxin exerts its toxicity by _________ sodium channels.

Expert Solution

Step 1: Biological Membrane and the different transport mechanisms

The biological membrane that surrounds a living cell is called the cell membrane. The structure of the cell membrane is described as a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The cell membrane employs different mechanisms to transport molecules into and out of the cell. Some molecules can easily pass through the membrane while others need proteins called transporters to pass through the cell membrane.

The different mechanisms employed by the cell membranes:

Passive transport: molecules move through the cell membrane down the concentration gradient i.e, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, with or without assistance from transport proteins embedded in the membrane. This process does not require an input of energy.

Simple diffusion: compound moves from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. It is also known as passive diffusion. No transport proteins are involved
Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of water across the semipermeable membrane driven by the difference in osmotic pressure. Water can diffuse both freely or via aquaporins.
Facilitated diffusion: compound moves through the cell membrane down the concentration gradient with assistance from transport proteins embedded in the membrane called carriers or channels. This process does not consume any energy.

Active transport: compound moves through the cell membrane against the concentration gradient i.e, from a region of lower concentration to a region of a higher concentration, with assistance from transport proteins embedded in the membrane. This process requires an input of energy.

If the input of energy is in the form of hydrolysis of ATP then it is called primary active transport (PAT). Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for opening the pore/channel to allow the molecule to pass through.
If the input of energy is in the form of potential energy stored in an ion gradient then it is called secondary active transport(SAT). Ion moves from the region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration and releases energy that is used for transporting a molecule in or out of the cell. Transport proteins in active transport can be:

uniporter: allows only one solute to pass through
symporter: two solutes travel in the same direction
antiporter: two solutes travel in the opposite direction

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