Returning from the grocery store with sacks on the back seat of your car, you ride along smoothly and they stay in place.  However, a driver from a side road does not see you approaching and pulls out in front of you, leaving just enough time for you to slam on the brakes and avoid a major wreck. You are safe, held in place by a seatbelt (the airbag did not deploy!), but you are intrigued to use physics to explain the outcome for your groceries.   Pick the best approach, where Newton's laws are easily applied.       Position an observer who is stationary or moving at a constant speed outside your car     It does not matter where the observer is or how they are moving     Start from your frame of reference inside the car, ignore the deceleration as you brake     Newton's laws never apply in this circumstance

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Proper Length

The theory of special relativity explains the connection between space and time to objects that move in a straight line at a constant speed. The objects move at the speed of light. When an object approaches light speed, its mass is endless and cannot move faster than light. The most crucial postulate of Einstein's special relativity is that the laws of nature do not change in each frame of reference.