Researchers were interested in collecting data to examine whether there was a relationship between air pollutant and preterm births in SouthernCalifornia. During the study, air pollution levels were measured by air quality monitoring stations. Length of gestation (weeks of pregnancy) data were collected on 143,196 births between1989 and 1993, and air pollution exposure during gestation was calculated for each birth. 1. Do you think "air pollution levels" are numerical or categorical variables? Give an example of what this data might look like.

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Researchers were interested in collecting data to examine whether there was a relationship between air pollutant and preterm births in SouthernCalifornia. During the study, air pollution levels were measured by air quality monitoring stations. Length of gestation (weeks of pregnancy) data were collected on 143,196 births between1989 and 1993, and air pollution exposure during gestation was calculated for each birth.

1. Do you think "air pollution levels" are numerical or categorical variables? Give an example of what this data might look like.

2.Can the results of this study be used to establisha causal relationship between airpollution and preterm births? Why or why not?

3.Do you think the results of this study can be generalizedto the population? Why or whynot?

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