REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION Gene Genetic regulatory protelns bind to the DNA and control the rate of transcription. Transcription In attenuation, transcription terminates soon after It has begun due to the formation of a transcriptional terminator. MRNA Translation Translational repressor proteins can bind to the MRNA and prevent translation from starting. Riboswitches can produco an mRNA conformation that provonts translation from starting. Antisense RNA can bind to the MRNA and prevent translation from starting. Protein Posttranslation In feedback Inhibition, the product of a metabolic pathway Inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway. Covalent modifications to the structure of a protoin can altor Its function. Functional protein

Q: Discuss all the different ways and mechanisms that eukaryotes use to regulate gene expression.

A: Given:  The different ways and mechanisms that eukaryotes use to regulate gene expression.

Q: 1. GAL4 is a specific transcription factor that activates the transcription of several genes in…

A: Gal3, Gal4 and Gal80 are the protein of saccharomyces cervisae that comprises signal transducer.This…

Q: Describe why base substitutions that differ from the consensus sequence of a core promoter may alter…

A: Mutations are certain, unexpected alterations take place in the genetic material of an…

Q: explain how covalent modification of proteins regulate gene expression

A: Enzyme based modification of proteins is called a covalent modification. The modification of the…

Q: describe Threshold effects in gene regulation

A: A gene is a short stretch of nucleotides present on a chromosome or DNA molecule, that codes for the…

Q: Explain why protein glycosylation may determine the choice of a protein expression system

A: Proteins are polymers of amino acids. The steps in the formation of a protein are the transcription…

Q: Please describe the regulatory role of enhancers that binds to responsible regulators to activate…

A: An enhancer is a regulatory DNA molecule comprising 200 base pairs. Enhancers are also known as…

Q: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of bacterial, fungal, plant, and animal sources of protein…

A:

Q: Briefly explain the steps to induce the expression of gene of interest using IPTG

A: IPTG, also known as isopropyl -D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, is a biochemical agent that mimics…

Q: With regard to regulatory proteins and small effector molecules, explain the meaning of negative…

A: Regulatory proteins are those proteins that regulate the process of the lac operon and are present…

Q: (a) Did deletion of any of the possible control elements cause anincrease in reporter gene…

A: Insertion and deletion are naturally processes occurring within the DNA or mRNA sequence for…

Q: How do we know that expression of the information encoded in DNA involves an RNA intermediate?

A: The genetic material of the cell, that is, the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) comprises various genes…

Q: ith examples explain the importance of Non-coding ribonucleic acid interference in regards to gene…

A: A DNA sequence's genes are translated into amino acid sequences during the process of gene…

Q: All cells of the body, with a few exceptions, contain the same genome. What is the name of the…

A: Cells is the structural and functional unit of life. The cell is made up of several organelles and…

Q: The expression of genes in bacterial cells can be regulated on different levels in the production of…

A: Prokaryotic organisms are single-celled organisms that do not have a cell nucleus, and their DNA…

Q: . What type of mutation of the lac repressor might be both constitu- tive and trans-dominant?

A: Trans-Dominant- A mutation in a regulatory gene that can control the expression of a structural gene…

Q: Explain how HOTAIR plays a role in the transcriptional regulationof particular genes.

A: A gene is a sequence of nucleotides in genome that codes for a functioning molecule. There is…

Q: . Cells containing missense mutations in the crp gene(encoding the positive regulator CRP) are Lac−,…

A: Genetics is a branch of science that deals in the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation of…

Q: Briefly list some of the ways in which siRNAs and miRNAs regulate genes.

A: miRNA or micro RNA and siRNA or small interfering RNA or silencing RNA are a type of RNA molecules…

Q: describe the 3 main players in the GTPase cycle (GTPase, GAP, GEF)

A: Nucleic acid is a molecule that carries the information of the cell and expresses that information…

Q: Describe the mechanisms in which DNA is used to generate protein.  Reflect on the key points in the…

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each…

Q: Based on the given scenario, tell whether structural genes are expressed (YES) or not expressed (NO)…

A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three subparts for…

Q: Distinguish between the cis-acting regulatory elements referred to as promoters and enhancers.

A: The machinery of the transcription has two major components, which are trans-acting and cis-acting…

Q: distinguish between IS and Tn transposableelements

A: The gene in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that are capable of moving from one position to another…

Q: State whether the gene is up- or down-regulated and briefly explain the reason behind. DNA lacks…

A: Genes are composed of nucleotide bases present in the genetic DNA. A genome is a double-stranded DNA…

Q: Regulation mechanisms Gene Allosteri- Metabolic Regulatory transcription electronic Phospholation /…

A: Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. This is a universal…

Q: Explain the differences between constitutive expressed genes and regulated genes.

A: Genes can be defined as the unit of inheritance, which is transferred from one parent to offspring…

Q: 15c) Attenuation is a highly efficient mechanism for regulating expression of genes involved in…

A: Attenuation is a regulatory mechanism that is used in bacterial operons to ensure proper…

Q: The tryptophan operon is regulated by two methods. Describe in detail the regulation of the operon…

A: Genes are the functional unit of heredity. Operons are a group of genes under a single promoter. The…

Q: With the aid of diagrams, and using specific examples, describe how gene expression is regulated in…

A: Transcription Is the process of formation of mRNA from DNA and this happens in the cytoplasm of the…

Q: Explain New Methods Provide Global Views of cis- and trans-Acting Transcriptional Regulators?

A: Answer: Introduction: Gene expression regulation can be done by various mechanism including,…

Q: Explain why master regulatory genes tend to be morestrongly conserved in evolution than are the…

A: Master regulatory genes codes for a factor that can control the expression of downstream genes.

Q: Describe the ways in which scientists employ lacZreporter genes to study gene regulation

A: The lactose or lac operon of Escherichia coli (E.coli) is a cluster of three structural genes…

Q: Describe the regulation of expression of the lac Z, Y and A genes in E.coli when there is LOW…

A:

Q: . Why is a nonsense suppressor tRNATyr, even though ithas a mutant anticodon that cannot recognize a…

A: The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have recognition sites for amino acids, ATP (Adenosine triphosphate),…

Q: . An interesting mutation in lacI results in repressorswith 110-fold increased binding to both…

A: A gene is the essential physical and functional unit of heredity. They are comprised of DNA…

Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.