Reading is attached. In the reading "Her Code Got Humans on the Moon", Robert McMillan discusses how Margaret Hamilton contributed to the software that allowed humans to reach the moon. Analyze the relationship between women′s contributions to and the success of the Apollo program. Cite evidence from the highlighted portions of the text.Optional outline is attached. FontMargaret Hamilton wasn't supposed to inventthe modern concept of software and landmen on the moon. It was 1960, not a timewhen women were encouraged to seek outhigh-powered technical work. Hamilton, a24-year-old with an undergrad degree inmathematics, had gotten a job as aprogrammer at MIT, and the plan was for herto support her husband through his three-year stint at Harvard Law. After that, it wouldbe her turn-she wanted a graduate degreein math.But the Apollo space program came along.And Hamilton stayed in the lab to lead an epicfeat of engineering that would help changethe future of what was humanly - anddigitally-possible.ParagraphAs a working mother in the 1960s, Hamilton was unusual; but as a spaceship programmer, Hamilton waspositively radical Hamilton would bring her daughter Lauren by the lab on weekends and evenings. While 4-year-old Lauren slept on the floor of the office overlooking the Charles River, her mother programmed away,creating routines that would ultimately be added to the Apollo's command module computer."People used to say to me, "How can you leave your daughter? How can you do this?" Hamilton remembers.But she loved the arcane novelty of her job. She liked the camaraderie- the after-work drinks at the MITfaculty club; the geek jokes, like saying she was "going to branch left minus" around the hallway. Outsidersdidn't have a clue. But at the lab, she says, "I was one of the guys."Then, as now, "the guys" dominated tech and engineering. Like female coders in today's diversity-challengedtech industry, Hamilton was an outlier. It might surprise today's software makers that one of the foundingfathers of their boys' club was, in fact, a mother and that should give them pause as they consider why thegender inequality of the Mad Men" era persists to this day."When I first got into it, nobody knew what it was that we were doing. It was like the Wild West."- MargaretHamiltonAs Hamilton's career got under way, the software world was on the verge of a giant leap, thanks to theApollo program launched by John F. Kennedy in 1961. At the MIT Instrumentation Lab where Hamiltonworked, she and her colleagues were inventing core ideas in computer programming as they wrote the codefor the world's first portable computer. She became an expert in systems programming and won importanttechnical arguments "When I first got into it, nobody knew what it was that we were doing. It was like theWild West. There was no course in it. They didn't teach it," Hamilton says.For Hamilton, programming meant punching holes in stacks of punch cards, which would be processed overnight inbatches on a giant Honeywell mainframe computer that simulated the Apollo lander's work. "We had to simulateeverything before it flew" Hamilton remembers. Once the code was solid, it would be shipped off to a nearby Raytheonfacility where a group of women, expert seamstresses known to the Apollo program as the "Little Old Ladies," threadedcopper wires through magnetic rings (a wire going through a core was a 1; a wire going around the core was a 0).Forget about RAM or disk drives; on Apollo, memory was literally hardwired and very nearly indestructible.Apollo flights carried two near-identical machines: one used in the lunar module-the Eagle that landed on the moon-and the other for the command module that carried the astronauts to and from Earth. These 70-pound Apollocomputers were portable computers unlike any other. Conceived by MIT engineers such as Hal Laning and Hamilton'sboss, Dick Batton, it was one of the first important computers to use integrated circuits rather than transistors. AsMindell tells the story, it was the first computerized onboard navigation system designed to be operated by humansbut with "fly-by-wire" autopilot technology-a precursor to the computerized navigation systems that are nowstandard on jetliners.The system stored more than 12,000 "words" in its permanent memory-the copper "ropes" threaded by theRaytheon workers-and had 1,024 words in its temporary, erasable memory "It was the first time that an importantcomputer had been in a spacecraft and given a lot of responsibility for the mission," says Don Eyles, who worked on thelunar module code while at MIT's IL "We showed that that could be done. We did it in what today seems an incrediblysmall amount of memory and very slow computation speed." Without it, Neil Armstrong wouldn't have made it to themoon. And without the software written by Hamilton, Eyles, and the team of MIT engineers, the computer would havebeen a dud.This was a decade before Microsoft and nearly 50 years before Marc Andreessen would observe thatsoftware is, in fact, "eating the world." The world didn't think much at all about software back in theearly Apollo days. The original document laying out the engineering requirements of the Apollo missiondidn't even mention the word software, MIT aeronautics professor David Mindell writes in his bookDigital Apollo. "Software was not included in the schedule, and it was not included in the budget." Not atfirst, anyhow.But as the Apollo project unfolded, the centrality of software in accomplishing the mission started tobecome clear. In 1965, Hamilton became responsible for the onboard flight software on the Apollocomputers. It was an exciting time, and the US was depending on the work that she was doing. Butsometimes the pressure kept Hamilton up at night. Once, after a late-night party, she rushed back to thecomputer lab to correct a piece of code she'd suddenly realized was flawed. "I was always imaginingheadlines in the newspapers, and they would point back to how it happened, and it would point back tome."By mid-1968, more than 400 people were working on Apollo's software, because software was how theUS was going to win the race to the moon. As it turned out, of course, software was going to help theworld do so much more. As Hamilton and her colleagues were programming the Apollo spacecraft, theywere also hatching what would become a $400 billion industry.|ED Topic Sentence: Margaret Hamilton contributed to the software that allowed humans to reach the moonin the following ways.Example 1 For example, sheExample 2 In addition, she_Concluding Sentence: As illustrated in the examples above, Margaret Hamilton contributed to thesoftware that allowed humans to reach the moon.

Answered: Reading is attached. In the reading…

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Reading is attached. In the reading "Her Code Got Humans on the Moon", Robert McMillan discusses how Margaret Hamilton contributed to the software that allowed humans to reach the moon. Analyze the relationship between women′s contributions to and the success of the Apollo program. Cite evidence from the highlighted portions of the text. Optional outline is attached.

Font
Margaret Hamilton wasn't supposed to invent
the modern concept of software and land
men on the moon. It was 1960, not a time
when women were encouraged to seek out
high-powered technical work. Hamilton, a
24-year-old with an undergrad degree in
mathematics, had gotten a job as a
programmer at MIT, and the plan was for her
to support her husband through his three-
year stint at Harvard Law. After that, it would
be her turn-she wanted a graduate degree
in math.
But the Apollo space program came along.
And Hamilton stayed in the lab to lead an epic
feat of engineering that would help change
the future of what was humanly - and
digitally-possible.
Paragraph
As a working mother in the 1960s, Hamilton was unusual; but as a spaceship programmer, Hamilton was
positively radical Hamilton would bring her daughter Lauren by the lab on weekends and evenings. While 4-
year-old Lauren slept on the floor of the office overlooking the Charles River, her mother programmed away,
creating routines that would ultimately be added to the Apollo's command module computer.
"People used to say to me, "How can you leave your daughter? How can you do this?" Hamilton remembers.
But she loved the arcane novelty of her job. She liked the camaraderie- the after-work drinks at the MIT
faculty club; the geek jokes, like saying she was "going to branch left minus" around the hallway. Outsiders
didn't have a clue. But at the lab, she says, "I was one of the guys."
Then, as now, "the guys" dominated tech and engineering. Like female coders in today's diversity-challenged
tech industry, Hamilton was an outlier. It might surprise today's software makers that one of the founding
fathers of their boys' club was, in fact, a mother and that should give them pause as they consider why the
gender inequality of the Mad Men" era persists to this day.
"When I first got into it, nobody knew what it was that we were doing. It was like the Wild West."- Margaret
Hamilton
As Hamilton's career got under way, the software world was on the verge of a giant leap, thanks to the
Apollo program launched by John F. Kennedy in 1961. At the MIT Instrumentation Lab where Hamilton
worked, she and her colleagues were inventing core ideas in computer programming as they wrote the code
for the world's first portable computer. She became an expert in systems programming and won important
technical arguments "When I first got into it, nobody knew what it was that we were doing. It was like the
Wild West. There was no course in it. They didn't teach it," Hamilton says.
For Hamilton, programming meant punching holes in stacks of punch cards, which would be processed overnight in
batches on a giant Honeywell mainframe computer that simulated the Apollo lander's work. "We had to simulate
everything before it flew" Hamilton remembers. Once the code was solid, it would be shipped off to a nearby Raytheon
facility where a group of women, expert seamstresses known to the Apollo program as the "Little Old Ladies," threaded
copper wires through magnetic rings (a wire going through a core was a 1; a wire going around the core was a 0).
Forget about RAM or disk drives; on Apollo, memory was literally hardwired and very nearly indestructible.
Apollo flights carried two near-identical machines: one used in the lunar module-the Eagle that landed on the moon
-and the other for the command module that carried the astronauts to and from Earth. These 70-pound Apollo
computers were portable computers unlike any other. Conceived by MIT engineers such as Hal Laning and Hamilton's
boss, Dick Batton, it was one of the first important computers to use integrated circuits rather than transistors. As
Mindell tells the story, it was the first computerized onboard navigation system designed to be operated by humans
but with "fly-by-wire" autopilot technology-a precursor to the computerized navigation systems that are now
standard on jetliners.
The system stored more than 12,000 "words" in its permanent memory-the copper "ropes" threaded by the
Raytheon workers-and had 1,024 words in its temporary, erasable memory "It was the first time that an important
computer had been in a spacecraft and given a lot of responsibility for the mission," says Don Eyles, who worked on the
lunar module code while at MIT's IL "We showed that that could be done. We did it in what today seems an incredibly
small amount of memory and very slow computation speed." Without it, Neil Armstrong wouldn't have made it to the
moon. And without the software written by Hamilton, Eyles, and the team of MIT engineers, the computer would have
been a dud.
This was a decade before Microsoft and nearly 50 years before Marc Andreessen would observe that
software is, in fact, "eating the world." The world didn't think much at all about software back in the
early Apollo days. The original document laying out the engineering requirements of the Apollo mission
didn't even mention the word software, MIT aeronautics professor David Mindell writes in his book
Digital Apollo. "Software was not included in the schedule, and it was not included in the budget." Not at
first, anyhow.
But as the Apollo project unfolded, the centrality of software in accomplishing the mission started to
become clear. In 1965, Hamilton became responsible for the onboard flight software on the Apollo
computers. It was an exciting time, and the US was depending on the work that she was doing. But
sometimes the pressure kept Hamilton up at night. Once, after a late-night party, she rushed back to the
computer lab to correct a piece of code she'd suddenly realized was flawed. "I was always imagining
headlines in the newspapers, and they would point back to how it happened, and it would point back to
me."
By mid-1968, more than 400 people were working on Apollo's software, because software was how the
US was going to win the race to the moon. As it turned out, of course, software was going to help the
world do so much more. As Hamilton and her colleagues were programming the Apollo spacecraft, they
were also hatching what would become a $400 billion industry.
|
ED

Topic Sentence: Margaret Hamilton contributed to the software that allowed humans to reach the moon
in the following ways.
Example 1 For example, she
Example 2 In addition, she_
Concluding Sentence: As illustrated in the examples above, Margaret Hamilton contributed to the
software that allowed humans to reach the moon.

Expert Solution

Step 1

The abovementioned article describes Margaret Hamilton's contribution in the field of software programming in an era where gender inequality was prevalent and women were rare to be found in such fields.