Question 5 Given the returns over the 1988-2013 period, what has been the standard deviation of annual returns (volatility) of these markets? Year Developed 1988 24.0% 1989 17.2% 1990 -16.5% 1991 19.0% 1992 -4.7% 1993 23.1% 1994 5.6% 1995 21.3% 1996 14.0% 1997 16.2% 1998 24.8% 1999 25.3% 2000 -12.9% 2001 -16.5% 2002 -19.5% 2003 33.8% 2004 15.2% 2005 10.0% 2006 20.7% 2007 9.6% 2008 -40.3% 2009 30.8% 2010 12.3% 2011 -5.0% 2012 16.5% 2013 27.4%

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Exchange Rate Risk

It is the possibility that the value of a currency will fluctuate in the future. In the wake of globalization, business establishments have increasingly ventured into international markets. The volume of international trade has prospered excellently in the near past and is expected to be more affluent in the future. The use of exchange-traded derivative financial instruments has been multi-folded to provide for the requirements of various MNCs and offshore potential investors. Most banks and financial institutions have helped integrate the global economies. Our Government has introduced some bold and extreme measures to fulfil the purpose behind the fiscal, industrial, and monetary policies. The enactment of GST is a huge step towards streamlining the taxation system of the country. Owing to Covid-19, this aspect of corporate risk management has become critical.