Question 37 Consider the structure below. u When this structure is completed, in order to minimize formal charges, and all atoms obey the Octet Rule, which best describes the nitrogen-to-oxygen bonds in the molecule? 6 N-O bonds with bond order of 1.5 O four N-O bonds with bond order 1.5 and two N-O bonds with bond order 1 O two N-O bonds with bond order two, four N-O bonds with bond order 1 O four N-O bonds with bond order 2 and two N-O bonds with bond order 1
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
**When this structure is completed, in order to minimize formal charges, and all atoms obey the Octet Rule, which best describes the nitrogen-to-oxygen bonds in the molecule?**
- [ ] 6 N-O bonds with bond order of 1.5
- [ ] four N-O bonds with bond order 1.5 and two N-O bonds with bond order 1
- [ ] two N-O bonds with bond order two, four N-O bonds with bond order 1
- [x] four N-O bonds with bond order 2 and two N-O bonds with bond order 1
### Diagram Analysis:
The diagram shows a chemical structure featuring two nitrogen atoms each bonded to two oxygen atoms. The bonds between nitrogen and oxygen need to be described in terms of bond order which relates to the number of shared electron pairs between atoms.
### Question 38
**Consider the structure below:**
*[Pending image/structure]*
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### Education and Understanding:
- **Bond Order:** Bond order is the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms. For instance, in molecular nitrogen (N≡N), the bond order is 3, whereas in molecular oxygen (O=O), the bond order is 2.
- **Formal Charge:** The formal charge on an atom in a molecule can be calculated using the formula:
\[
\text{Formal Charge} = \text{Valence electrons} - \text{(Lewis dots + number of lines)}
\]
- **Octet Rule:** Atoms tend to form bonds such that each atom has an octet of electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
This example reinforces how to apply the concepts of bond order, formal charge minimization, and the Octet Rule when analyzing chemical structures.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F985fbbf0-f8fa-4c87-a1a5-f926559935c9%2F6887e5d4-a2dc-4a4a-93a8-0e7dd2efb74d%2Fybz2xr_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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