Question 3. For the shaft shown in the figure find: 1. Maximum shear stresses in whole the shaft. 2. Angle of twist at the free end. Take G = 80 Gpa. 30 450 N.m 4 m 150 N.m/m F F F F 6 m 600 m

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Sizing Joists and Rafters

In civil engineering and building construction, joists and rafters are the major components including beams and columns. Almost every structural construction including buildings, skyscrapers, bridges, commercial complexes, and so on makes use of joists and rafters to provide structural integrity to the building. Joists are primarily thick long pieces of metals, concrete, or wood that are used to support the floor and ceiling. On the other hand, rafters form the major component of pitched roofs, which are a series of sloped long pieces extending from a ridged area that makes contact with the plane area of the wall. They account for the load-bearing of the building along with the beams.