Question 17. The figure on the right shows the distribution of fitnesses of bacteriophage f1 mutants, relative to the wild type. A relative fitness of 1 corresponds to a fitness identical to that of the wild type. The fitness of the all mutants counted in the column labeled 1.0 (i.e., from 0.95 to 1.05) is not significantly different from 1.0. Which of the following statements is true? a) Approximately 10% of mutations are deleterious. b) Approximately 20% of mutations are lethal. c) Approximately 40% of mutations are beneficial. d) Approximately 60% of mutations are lethal. e) Approximately 80% of mutations are beneficial. Proportion (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Relative fitness

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Bacterial Genomics

The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.

Transformation Experiment in Bacteria

In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.

Plasmids and Vectors

The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.