Question 15. Consider the function f : Z → Z × Z defined by f(n) 3 (п + 1,2п). Is f surjective? Injective? Provide a proof or give a counter-example for each property.

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.