Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
The image shows a hexagonal ring (cyclohexane) with two methyl groups (CH₃) attached, and a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to the ring. The specific positions of these groups should be identified to determine the IUPAC name accurately.
Below the structure, several options for prefixes, infixes, and suffixes are provided to construct the IUPAC name:
- Numbers and Locants: `1,3-`, `3,5-`, `3-`, `1-`, `1,5-`, `5-`
- Prefixes: `tert-`, `tri-`, `sec-`, `di-`
- Parent Chain: `cyclo`, `iso`
- Carbon Chains: `eth`, `pent`, `hex`
- Functional Groups and Endings: `acid`, `meth`, `hydr`, `oic`, `an`, `yl`
The task is to select the appropriate parts to construct the correct IUPAC name for the given chemical compound.
**Hints for Determining the IUPAC Name:**
- Identify the longest carbon chain in the ring.
- Determine the locants (positions) of the substituents to use the lowest set of locants for naming.
- Identify the functional groups attached to the ring.
- Combine the parts appropriately following the hierarchical rules of IUPAC nomenclature.
Once you have constructed the name, input it in the provided format and submit your answer.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F5707f817-26ef-49f8-a626-ee896014d672%2Fc997d614-0a3d-4608-a48b-60e7c120aade%2Flxp9ol_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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