Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structure of Atoms 1. When a compound containing cesium ion is heated in a Bunsen burner flame, photons with an energy of 4.30 × 1019 J are emitted. What color is the cesium flame? 2. Discuss the current view of the correctness of the follow- ing statements. (a) The electron in the hydrogen atom is in an orbit that never brings it closer than 100 pm to the nucleus. (b) Atomic absorption spectra result from transitions of electrons from lower to higher energy levels. (c) A many-electron atom behaves somewhat like a solar system that has a number of planets. 3. Distinguish carefully between the following terms: (a) wavelength and frequency, (b) wave properties and particle properties, (c) quantization of energy and continuous variation in energy. 4. What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that can have the following quantum numbers? Spec- ify the orbitals in which the electrons would be found. (a) n = 2, m = +½; (b) n = 4, m₁ = +1; (c) n = 3, l = 2; (d) n = 2, l = 0, m, = −1; (e) n = 4, l = 3, me = -2. 5. Identify the following individuals and their contribu- tions to the development of quantum theory: Bohr, de Broglie, Einstein, Planck, Heisenberg, Schrödinger. 6. What properties of electrons are used in the operation of an electron microscope? 7. In a photoelectric experiment a student uses a light source whose frequency is greater than that needed to eject electrons from a certain metal. However, after continuously shining the light on the same area of the metal for a long period of time the student notices that the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons be- gins to decrease, even though the frequency of the light is held constant. How would you account for this behavior? 8. A certain pitcher's fastballs have been clocked at about 100 mph. (a) Calculate the wavelength of a 0.141-kg baseball (in nm) at this speed. (b) What is the wavelength of a hydrogen atom at the same speed? (1 mile = 1609 m.) 9. Considering only the ground-state electron configura- tion, are there more diamagnetic or paramagnetic ele- ments? Explain.