Qs) The output DC voltage Vo of a step-down (buck) converter as shown in Fig. 2 is maintained at 5 V by controlling the duty cycle D. The input dc voltage Vi to the converter is 25 V. The switching frequency fs of the converter is 20 kHz. The minimum load current, lo is 1 A. Assuming ideal devices and components, (i) find the minimum inductance, (ii) find the maximum and minimum inductor currents, (i) obtain the filter capacitance C required to keep the output voltage ripple factor V./Vo < 1%, and (iv) sketch PWM switch S, inductor current IL, voltage across the inductor v, and output voltage Vo. VGs + V. - lo. L D R Vo Fig. 1. DC-DC buck converter.

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Coulomb’s Law

Coulomb's law states that the attraction or repulsion force between two charged things is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of their distance. It has an effect along the line that connects the two-point charges.