Q4) The following table contains the estimated bulk mass densities as a function of depth for an offshore location in Brazil. Water depth is 350m. Measurements indicate that porosity of shale layers estimated through resistivity measurements. Depth (m) Bulk mass density (kg/m3) Shale porosity 1800 2310 0.307 Additional compaction lab measurements on shale cores indicate a good fit of the porosity- effective vertical stress relation through the equation o = Po exp(-B(Sv – Pp)), with parameters po = 0.38 and ß = 3* 10² MPa!. Estimate the pore pressure in the shale? %3D

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Introduction to Engineering Design

Students are often confused with engineering and design. The term engineering design has two words with different meanings, engineering, and design. The term engineering implies applications of laws and principles of science to design and analyze physical structures and components. In civil engineering, students apply the concept of physics and chemistry to design and build structures and buildings. In engineering disciplines, the term design means determining the dimensions, loads, and associated influences on the component due to the applied loads such as stresses and deformations. The estimation of such parameters is crucial to make the component or structure foolproof.