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- Let Ap be the difference between the phase shift a Helium-Neon laser beam expe- riences on traversing a given length of vacuum and on traversing the same length of plasma. What is Ad when the laser beam passes through 10 cm of plasma having a density of n = 102? m?? How could this be used as a density diagnostic? The wavelength of the He-Ne laser radiation is 632.8 nmA rocket ship floating in empty space suddenly turns on its engines and begins to rapidly accelerate toward the earth. In the first second of the acceleration, what effect would you see in the wavelength of radio signals beamed from the spacecraft back toward the earth? a) The wavelength would suddenly become shorter because the ship is now moving toward us. b) The wavelength would be unaffected because the acceleration in the first second would not yet produce a significant velocity. c) The wavelength would be longer because the transmitter is in an accelerated frame and the equivalence principle states it would slow down like a clock in a gravitational field. d) The wavelength would be shorter because the transmitter is in an accelerated frame and the equivalence principle states that it would speed up like a clock coming toward us.4