Q2. In water-resources engineering, the sizing of reservoirs depends on accurate estimates of water flow in the river that is being impounded. For some rivers, long-term historical records of such flow data are difficult to obtain. In contrast, meteorological data on precipitation is often available for many years past. Therefore, it is often useful to determine a relationship between flow and precipitation. This relationship can then be used to estimate flows for years when only precipitation measurements were made. The following data are available for a river that is to be dammed: Precipitation, cm|88.9 108.5 104.1139.7 127 94 116.8 99.1 Flow, m3/s 14.6 16.7 15.3 23.2 19.5 16.1 18.1 16.6 (a) Plot these data. (b) Fit a straight line to these data with linear regression. Superimpose this line on your plot. (c) Use the best-fit line to predict the annual water flow if the precipitation is 120 cm. (d) If the drainage area is 1100 km?, estimate what fraction of the precipitation is lost via processes such as evaporation, deep groundwater infiltration, and consumptive use.

Q2. In water-resources engineering, the sizing of reservoirs depends on accurate estimates of water flow in the river that is being impounded. For some rivers, long-term historical records of such flow data are difficult to obtain. In contrast, meteorological data on precipitation is often available for many years past. Therefore, it is often useful to determine a relationship between flow and precipitation. This relationship can then be used to estimate flows for years when only precipitation measurements were made. The following data are available for a river that is to be dammed: Precipitation, cm|88.9 108.5 104.1139.7 127 94 116.8 99.1 Flow, m3/s 14.6 16.7 15.3 23.2 19.5 16.1 18.1 16.6 (a) Plot these data. (b) Fit a straight line to these data with linear regression. Superimpose this line on your plot. (c) Use the best-fit line to predict the annual water flow if the precipitation is 120 cm. (d) If the drainage area is 1100 km?, estimate what fraction of the precipitation is lost via processes such as evaporation, deep groundwater infiltration, and consumptive use.

Structural Analysis

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337630931

Author:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Publisher:KASSIMALI, Aslam.

Chapter2: Loads On Structures

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Concept explainers

Precipitation

Precipitation forms the basis of the water cycle on the Earth. The air is packed with water molecules in the form of moisture or water vapor. This water vapor usually rises to the atmosphere due to density differences. Precipitation represents any form of water, in liquid form or frozen form that forms in the earth's atmosphere. The water vapor up in the atmosphere condenses due to low temperature and it leads to the formation of clouds. The water vapor that forms clouds on account of condensation, is preferably known as cloud droplet. These cloud droplets when become heavy and can no longer sustain the weight of condensed water droplets, they come to the Earth in the form of rain, snow, ice pellets, and hail. Precipitation patterns, evaporation, and condensation are the three parameters that decide the global water cycle, climate change, and weather. Additionally, smoke and dust particles are equally important parameters for precipitation, as they provide the surface area for the water vapors to get condensed and to form water droplets. So they are known as condensation nuclei. The presence of other pollutants in the air also serves as condensation nuclei. Precipitation always results in the pure water supply to earth, as the salt from the seawater does not evaporate with the water.

Question

Q2. In water-resources engineering, the sizing of reservoirs depends on accurate estimates of water flow in the
river that is being impounded. For some rivers, long-term historical records of such flow data are difficult to
obtain. In contrast, meteorological data on precipitation is often available for many years past. Therefore, it is
often useful to determine a relationship between flow and precipitation. This relationship can then be used to
estimate flows for years when only precipitation measurements were made. The following data are available
for a river that is to be dammed:
Precipitation, cm|88.9 108.5 104.1139.7 127
94 116.8 99.1
Flow, m3/s
14.6 16.7 15.3 23.2 19.5 16.1 18.1 16.6
(a) Plot these data.
(b) Fit a straight line to these data with linear regression. Superimpose this line on your plot.
(c) Use the best-fit line to predict the annual water flow if the precipitation is 120 cm.
(d) If the drainage area is 1100 km?, estimate what fraction of the precipitation is lost via processes such as
evaporation, deep groundwater infiltration, and consumptive use.

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