(Q115) How many ATP equivalents are required to activate the fatty acid tails required for the synthesis of one triacylglycerol molecule from three fatty acid tails and one glycerol 3-phosphate? 01 O O 12 2 3 6
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- How many high-energy phosphates are generated or consumed in (a) converting 1 mole of glucose to lactate? (b) converting 2 moles of lactate to glucose?(a) What is protein turnover? Give 1-2 examples. (b) What are the main differences between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids?What is the effect on gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis of (a) increasing the level of ATP, (b) decreasing the concentration of fructose-1,6- bisphosphate, and (c) increasing the concentration of fructose-6- phosphate?
- а) Describe the degradation of glycogen, highlighting important enzymes which are involved. In McArdle's discase, a type of glycogen storage disease, there is a total deficiency of muscle glycogen phosphorylase. An individual with such disease is not able to exercise strenuously and experiences muscle cramps. Exercise leads to higher than normal levels of cellular ADP and Pi. Besides, lactic acid does not accumulate, as in the case of a normal individual. Explain b) the chemical imbalances shown in McArdle's discase.How many ATP are produced from a triglyceride containing three 14 carbon fatty acids? NOTE: Assume that glycerol is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (step 6 of glycolysis).Why are fatty acids better than glycogen for storing large amounts of chemical energy?
- a) Describe the structure of a glycogen molecule. (you can explain without drawing) b) List the three enzymes involved in glycogen degradation and describe the type of reactions they catalyze c) Fill in the numbered blanks in the figure which is the list the source and fates of glucose-6- phosphate. Glycogen pentose phosphate pathway Glucose-6-phosphate Ribose-G-phosphate Glucose glycolysis 3 Amino acida |Lactate Citric acid cycleConsider oleic acid (18:1∆9): 1. How many NADH will be produced from complete oxidation of this fatty acid? 2. How many FADH2 will be produced from complete oxidation of this fatty acid? 3. Total number of ATP produced from NADH in complete oxidation of oleic acid (exclude transport cost of the fatty acid)? 4. Total number of ATP produced from FADH2 in complete oxidation of oleic acid (exclude transport costs of the fatty acid)? Please provide how you got them.Describe roles of each non-essential amino acid: ala, asp, asn, glu, gln, arg, gly, ser. Describe roles of each essential amino acid: cys, met, phe, tyr, try, and BCAAs. Describe the importance of one carbon metabolism and homocysteine. Describe the best indicator(s) of protein status. What is the purpose of an SGA? Give examples of physical signs of protein deficiencies. Simple to the point answers please!
- The Gq-protein and phospholipase C pathway are responsible for stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. What effect would an agonist or an antagonist have on gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?1) under intracellular conditions, answer : If G3P-DH is inhibited by Iodoacetic acid, which glycolytic intermediate will accumulate most rapidly and why ? 2) How will increased oxaloacetate level in mitochondria affect fatty acid biosynthesis ?How are branch points normally introduced into glycogen?