Q.A3 (a) The biological tissues are complex, anisotropic conductors with resistive and reactive components. Fig. A3a below shows the distribution of cells in a tissue with all the relevant components shown including cell membrane (CM), extra-cellular fluid (RE) and intra-cellular fluid (R1). For such a tissues low-temperature cryopreservation employing slow-freezing and fast-thawing is considered as a viable method for the long-term preservation. However, the freezing and thawing processes themselves can induce injuries to the cells and tissue by damaging the structure and consequently functionality of the cryopreserved tissue. Bio-impedance measurements have been proposed as non-invasive method to evaluate the extent of thawing. Cell Membrane Extra-Cellular Fluid (ECF) Intra-Cellular Fluid (ICF) Fig. A3a: Schematic of cell distribution inside a tissue

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.