(Q.2) Explain the discrimination by current principle for the protection of a radial feeder. How are the pick-up currents of different relays chosen in this case? How can the impedance be shifted to the third quadrant in R-X plane for an impedance relay?

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KVL and KCL

KVL stands for Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL states that the total voltage drops around the loop in any closed electric circuit is equal to the sum of total voltage drop in the same closed loop.

Sign Convention

Science and technology incorporate some ideas and techniques of their own to understand a system skilfully and easily. These techniques are called conventions. For example: Sign conventions of mirrors are used to understand the phenomenon of reflection and refraction in an easier way.