Introduction to Organic Chemistry
The field of chemistry which deals with the studies of reactions, structures, and properties of organic compounds that comprise carbon bonded through covalent bonding is organic chemistry. The studies regarding the structure of organic compounds could be determined with the help of structural formulas. In order to know about the behavior of organic compounds, a study on the properties has to be done. Both physical properties and chemical properties, the origin of chemical reactivity come under the study regarding the properties of organic compounds. The chemical preparation of polymers, drugs, natural products, and the study of separate organic molecules in the lab come under the study of organic reactions.
Vinyl Group
Vinyl group is the name given to the functional group of -CH=CH2. It can be seen as an ethene molecule with one less hydrogen in number. Hence it is also called as ethenyl group at times.
Straight Chain Hydrocarbons
The requirement to identify each compound needs a richer number of words than informative prefixes like n and iso. The identification of organic molecules is made easier by the use of systematic nomenclature schemes. The organic chemistry nomenclature has two types: traditional and systematic. Common names arise in many forms, but share the characteristic that a link through name and form is unnecessary. The name that matches a certain structure clearly must be remembered as knowing a person's name. In contrast, systemic names, including an overall common set of laws, are locked specifically to the chemical structure.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Following are few examples of alkenes with their general molecular as well as their structural formulas:
Conjugated Compounds in Organic Chemistry
The delocalization of electrons in a molecule is called conjugation in organic chemistry. This delocalisation process of electrons leads to the shortenings or elongations of chemical bonds, but at the same time it causes changes in the chemical properties in conjugated molecules as compared to the non-conjugated ones. For example, conjugated molecules absorb light at longer wavelengths.
Alpha Carbon And Alpha Protons
The carbon directly attached to the functional group in an organic molecule is referred to as the alpha carbon and the hydrogen attached to an alpha carbon are termed as the alpha hydrogens or alpha protons. These alpha carbon atoms and alpha hydrogen atoms are of importance because they undergo certain characteristic reactions in organic chemistry.
pure explanation only no structural formula or any concepts needed
![TESTS FOR ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
Materials:
Test tube - 12
Test tube rack
Test tube holder
Graduated cylinder (100mL) – 1
Alcohol lamp
Crucible tong
Chemicals:
Ethanol
Isopropyl alcohol
Tertiary butyl alcohol
Ferric chloride solution
Sodium metal
Lucas' reagent
Concentrated sulfuric acid
Potassium dichromate solution
Phenol
Millon's reagent
Bromine water
Procedure:
A) Tests for alcohols
1) Sodium metal:
Place 1 ml of each of the following: ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and tertiary butyl alcohol in
separate test tubes. Add a small piece of sodium metal to the different alcohols. Take note
of the difference in the release of hydrogen gas.
2) Lucas' test:
Place 1 ml of each of the following: ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and tertiary butyl alcohol in
separate test tubes. Add 1 ml of hydrochloric acid and 1 g of anhydrous zinc chloride to the
different alcohols. Take note of the difference in the formation of cloudy solution.
3) Oxidation:
Place 1 ml of each of the following: ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and tertiary butyl alcohol in
separate test tubes. Add 10 drops of potassium dichromate and 5 drops of concentrated
sulfuric acid to the different alcohols. Take note of the odor and color of the products.
B) Tests for phenols
1) Bromine water:
Add 1 ml of bromine water to phenol and take note of the color of the precipitate.
2) Ferric chloride test:
Add 5 drops of ferric chloride solution to phenol. Take note of the color formed.
3) Millon's test:
Add 5 drops of Millon's regent to phenol. Take note of the color formed.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbe790e90-3d8a-40f4-8d4b-f4cb26815222%2F3215e12a-d8ef-4342-8d48-7b19b1d638a7%2F1kze55r_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![Questions:
1) Explain the molecular basis of the reaction of bromine water with phenol.
2) What is/are the difference/s in the reactivity of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol with
sodium metal and concentrated HCI?
3) Explain the molecular basis in Millon's test for phenols.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fbe790e90-3d8a-40f4-8d4b-f4cb26815222%2F3215e12a-d8ef-4342-8d48-7b19b1d638a7%2Fx4us0e_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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