Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
Rules for IUPAC naming
• Select the longest continuous carbon chain. If it is a cyclic compound, the cyclic group will be considered as the parent chain.
• If there is a possibility of more than one longest chain, the one with more substituents is preferred.
• Naming of the parent chain should be done in such a way that the carbon atom bearing nearest substituent gets the lowest number.
• If functional groups like -OH, -COOH, -CHO, -C=O etc, or double/triple bond are present, they should be included in the parent chain even if it violates longest chain rule and should be given first priority while numbering.
• When two or more substituents are present at equivalent positions, the one that comes first in alphabetical order is given the lowest number.
Br, Cl, I, NO, NO2 are considered as substituents and are numbered in alphabetical order.
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