Problem 1: A soil profile is shown in the figure. A uniformly distributed load of 4b kPa is applied at the ground surface. Given: H₁ = 3.ba m; H₂ = 4.dc m; and H3 = 6.ab m. The details of the soil layers are: *Sand: y = 17.ad kN/m³; Ysat = 18.bc kN/m³ *Clay: Ysat = 19.ca kN/m³; LL = 4d %; e = 0.5b; Cs= (1/5) Cc Determine the settlement (in mm.) of the clay layer caused by primary consolidation settlement if: a. The clay is normally consolidated. b. The preconsolidation pressure is 1lab kPa. The preconsolidation pressure is 15d kPa. C. Ag ↓ ↓ Sand Clay IFICA Cengage Leaming 2014

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Bars

In civil engineering, bars refer to steel reinforcement bars or rebars. These are structural members primarily used for reinforcement purposes in masonry works. A bar is characterized by its cross-sectional area, which is negligible compared to its length. Bars are usually manufactured by steel which is uniform throughout the length, or by meshing multiple steel wires. Other materials of the bar include carbon steel, glass fiber, carbon fiber, and basalt fiber. The reinforcing bars are coated with epoxy resins and other materials to enhance some of their properties including corrosion resistance.