Please read the case from the image attached and write a discourse on the following questions below. Thank you. Topic: Do people who speak different languages think differently? What are:The views expressed by the Psychologists on the topic.The student's understanding of the content of the topic.Reasons for agreement with or disagreement with the content shared by the Psychologists.The student's conclusions formed from the information gleaned from the content.The student's evaluation of the content shared about the topic. SEEING BOTH SIDESDO PEOPLE WHO SPEAK DIFFERENTLANGUAGES THINK DIFFERENTLY?How is language related to thought?encode space. In a series of experiments, Tseltal speakers wereshown to remember spatal soenes in terms of absolute coordinates rather than body-centered (et/right) spatial concepts;speakers of Dutch, a language which, ike English, possessesbft/right terms, showed the opposite preference (Levinson,2003).The precise interpretation of these findings is greatly debated.Firstly, studies such as the above simply show that linguisticbehavior and cognitive preferences can co-vary, not that lan-Ama Papafragou, University of DelawareHow is language related to thaught? Do people who speak df-ferent anguages think diferently? According to one theory,language offers the concepts and mechanisms for representingand making sense of our experience, thereby radically shapingthe way we think. This strong view, famously associated with thewritings of Benjamin Wharf (Whorf, 1956), is certainly wrong.Firstly, people possess many concepts which their languagedoes not directly encode. For instance, the Mundurukú, anguage causes cognition to differ across various linguistic pop-ulations. Furthermore, some of the reported cognitive differencesmay have been due to ambiguities in the way instructions tostudy participants were phrased. When Japanese and Englishspeakers were asked to rate, on a scale from 1 to 7, how ikelyAmazonian indigene group, can recognize squares and tra-pezoids even though their language has no rich geometric terms(Dehaene, et al., 2006). Similarly, members of the Pirahă com-munity in Brazil whose anguage acks number words can nev-they were to classify a novel specimen as a kind of object or akind of substance, their ratings converged (Li, et al., in press).Similarly, when Tseltal speakers were given implicit cues abouthow to solve spatial tasks, they were able to use left/right rea-soning; in fact, on some tasks, they were more accurate whenusing leftright concepts compared to absolute co-ordinates,contrary to what one might expect on the basis of how Tseltalencodes space (Li, et al, 2005). These data show that humancognitive mechanisms are fexible rather than streamlined byinguistic terminology.Other studies have confirmed that cross-linguistic differencesdo not necessarily lead to cogntive differences. For instance,memory and categorization of mation events, such as an air-ertheless perform numerical computations involving large sets(even though they have trouble retaining this information inmemory, Frank, et al., 2008). Secondy, there are often broadsimilarities in the ways different languages carve up domains ofexperience. For instance, crucial properties of color vocabulariesacross anguages appear to be shaped by universal perceptualconstraints (Regier et al., 2007). Aso many languages seem tolabel basic tastes by distinct words (e.g., sweet, salt, sour andbitter; Majid & Levinson, 2008). The presence of constraints oncross-linguistic variation suggests that language categories areshaped by cognitive biases shared across humans.A weaker version of the Whorfian view maintains that, evenplane fying over a house, seem to be independent of the wayanguages encode motion (Papafragou et al., 2002). Relatedly,though language does not completely determine thought, it stillaffects people's habitual thought patterns by promoting thesalience of some categories and downgrading others. One ineofstudies set out to examine how Engish and Japanese speakersdraw the conceptual distincion between objects and sub-similarity judgments for containers such as jars, bottles and cupsconverge in speakers of different languages despite words forsuch containers varying cross-linguistically (Malt et al., 1999). Ina striking recent demonstration, using eye tracking methods,Engish and Greek speakers were found to attend to differentparts of an event while they were getting ready to describe theevent verbally; however, when preparing to memorize the eventstances. Engish distinguishes between count nouns (a pyramic)and mass nouns (cork), while Japanese does not (all nounsbehave like mass nouns. When taught names for novel simpleexemplars (e.g., a cork pyramid), which could in principle beconsidered either objects or substances, English speakers pre-dominantly took the name to refer to the object (pyramid") butJapanese speakers were at chance between the object or thefor a later memory task, speakers of the two languages per-formed identically in terms of how they allocated attention,presumably because they relied on processes of event per-ception that are independent of language (Papatragou et al.,2008).This research suggests that language can be usefuly thoughtof as an additional route for encoding experience. Rather thanpermanently reshaping the processes supporting perception andsubstance ('cork) construal (Imai & Gentner, 1997). Thesefindings have been interpreted as evidence that the linguisticcount/mass distinction affects how people draw the conceptualobject/substance distinction (at least for indeterminate cases).Another set of studes focused on speakers of Tseltal Mayanliving in Mexico, whose language acks left/right terms for givingdirections and locating things in the environment. Tsetalspeakers cannot say things such as 'the cup is to my left';cognitive processing, language offers an altenative, oftenoptionally recruited system of encoding, organizing and trackingexperience. The precise interplay between linguistic and cogni-five functions wil continue to be a topic of intense experimen-tation and theorizing for years to come.instead they use absolute co-ordihates (e.g., 'north' or 'south') to

Language binds people. People around the world speak different languages and yet at times of crisis…

Answered: Please read the case from the image…

5th Edition

ISBN:9780134477961

Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Publisher:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Chapter1: The Science Of Psychology

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1TY

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Please read the case from the image attached and write a discourse on the following questions below. Thank you.

Topic: Do people who speak different languages think differently?

What are:

The views expressed by the Psychologists on the topic.
The student's understanding of the content of the topic.
Reasons for agreement with or disagreement with the content shared by the Psychologists.
The student's conclusions formed from the information gleaned from the content.
The student's evaluation of the content shared about the topic.