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- You want to distinguish between two hypotheses to explain the patterns you see: 1) Males not feeding the young is an adaptation to dimorphism 2) If males don't feed the young in a species, it will allow them to become brightly colored To begin to address this question, map the characters changes in dimorphism and males feeding the young onto each of the trees on the previous page. CHARACTER SEXUAL DIMORPHISM MALES FEED YOUNG Cassin's Vireo No No Red Fox Sparrow Cape May Warbler Cedar Waxwing Golden-Crowned Kinglet Pyrrhuloxia Yes No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No California Gull No Yes Note: This data is fictional 5) Which of the hypotheses in part 4 is consistent with your analysis? Explain why in a brief paragraph.A population of rodents establishes itself in a habitat that has previously been colonized by its same species. Soon after, the construction of an engineering work causes habitat degradation, which causes the total population to slow down. As time passes, the degradation is greater.a) Formulate mathematically the variation of the population size N of the rodent population at time t, first for the situation described without engineering work and then for the scenario with engineering work. Define the necessary parameters for your model. b) Indicate the equilibrium values of the population N.c) By what time should the population be extinct?Which of the following situations has revealed that mutualistic interactions can evolve from prior parasitic relationships? A. Yucca plants are pollinated only by moths of the genus Tegeticula; however, some of the moth species 'cheat" by laying eggs on seeds without pollinating the plant. B. Large-sized lice of the genus Columbicola tended to live on larger species of pigeons. Body size matching had a significant effect on the ability of lice to escape defensive preening by the host bird. C. The nonvenomous yellow-eyed salamander has the same coloration as the toxic California newt. Related nontoxic salamanders which do not mimic the newts are prone to attacks by predators. D. Glochidion trees and Epicephala moths are in an obligate mutualism with each other. Significant cospeciation led to an increase in diversity of the two species.
- Researchers have characterized the niches of Darwin’s finches by beak size (which correlates with diet) and the niches of parasitoids by size of caterpillar. How would you characterize the niches of sympatric canid species such as red fox, coyote, and wolf in North America? Or felids, such as ocelots, pumas, and jaguars in South America? What characteristics or environmental features do you think would be useful for representing the niches of desert plants? Or the plants in temperate forest or prairie?Hoverflies use Batesian mimics (they exhibit a characteristics of a dangerous species although they are harmless species to avoid predators) of a group of stinging, yellow & black-striped bees and wasps, which are Mullerian mimics (they exhibit similar characteristics of similar species to themselves to avoid predators) of each other. Assuming predators learn to avoid yellow and black insects only through experience, draw the expected relationship between the ratio of Batesian mimics to Mullerian mimics in the community (x-axis) and the probably that mimicry will successfully protect against predation (y-axis).Conservation biologists have altered the evolution of salmon populations in captive-breeding programs. Wild female salmon tend to produce fewer large eggs because the large eggs contain more nutrients for the off spring, giving each individual a greater chance to survive. After just a few generations, however, captive-bred females now lay greater numbers of small eggs. Suggest a possible adaptive advantage for many small eggs in the captive-bred environment. What would you predict regarding the reproductive success of captive-bred females released in the wild?
- The effective population size of the nematode Caenorhabditis brenneri was estimated to be 15,200,000 using genetic data. The effective population size in humans has been consistently estimated around 10,000. Reconcile these estimates of effective population size considering that human population size is currently about 7,400,000,000..How does a defense mechanism (behavioural, cryptic colouration, protective colouration, mimicry) affect predation and competition? a) Provide an example of a defense mechanism that you have not encountered in the course or in the online assignments. Include an image depicting the defence mechanism, describe the defence mechanism and cite your sources. b) Hypothesize how this defence mechanism may have evolved over time due to pressure from predation and/or competition.Honey bee workers from a colony in North Carolina are visiting two food sites, A and B, at 6 am as shown below. Site A is 1500 m from the hive; site B is 300 m from the hive. While most of the foragers are out in the field, a sudden downpour strikes which drowns many of the bees outside the hive. As a result, there is a shortage of foragers in the nest at a time when much food is available in the field. Which of the following can you correctly predict will happen: a. The loss of foragers will cause increased activity of the Gp9 gene in some of the bees inside the nest, which will decrease their JH levels, causing them to revert to nursing behavior and raise more brood to quickly replace the lost foragers. b. The loss of foragers will result in decreased transfer of ethyl oleate to the younger bees, which will cause JH titers in some of the younger bees to increase and they will become precocious foragers. c. The loss of contact with older bees will cause increased Amfor and…
- The graph shows the population size and amount of genetic variation in the Sarotherodon galilaeus fish population over a period of time. Overfishing of S. galilaeus in 2008 led to a drastic decline in their population size. Although the population has since increased, the genetic variation in S. galilaeus is still low. At which point on the graph was the population most vulnerable to the bottleneck effect due to a natural disaster and why? A. Y, because the population is small and there is low genetic diversity B. Z, because the population is large but the genetic diversity has remained low C. X, because the population is too large and has exceeded its carrying capacity D. W, because the population is just starting out and natural selection is still taking placeIn spadefoot toads there are two forms of the tadpoles: omnivores and carnivores. Environmental factors such as population density, oxygen concentration, and availability of food determine which form any particular tadpole takes. Consider the situation below. A single pair of toads produces a fertilized group of eggs in a pond. The pond dries a bit creating two separate ponds, one is deep and the other is shallow. All the tadpoles in the deep pond become omnivores and all the tadpoles in the deep pond become carnivores. There is a heavy rain and the ponds become connected again and the two groups of tadpoles mix together. The carnivores eat most of the omnivores and more of the carnivores become adult toads This is an example of Group of answer choices A. natural selection and evolution B. evolution only C. natural selection onlyUse the survivorship curves (A, B, and C) shown on the graph below to answer the following three questions. kx A B с Age Which curve best describes survivorship in clams? (Clams have external fertilization and free-swimming larval stages.) Curve A Which curve best describes survivorship in mice? Curve C Which curve best describes survivorship in a species, such as humans, that invests a great deal in caring for the young over a very long period of time? Curve B