Plant roots can be infected by bacteria, fungi, and nema mutualistic) to both the plant and infecting organism ar plant.
Symbiosis examples that the text specifies.
Various organisms depend on plants and animals for their survival. Plants and microorganisms, algae, or nematodes relationships could be there, or relationships within plants or animals could be there. These relationships could be parasitic symbiosis or mutualistic symbiosis.
Mutualistic symbiosis: is a close and long-lasting relationship between bacteria, fungi, or nematodes and plant roots. In such kind of symbiosis, both the organisms benefit each other in ways like gathering food, cleansing, and protecting. Here the survival of organisms can't occur without each other.
Two examples representing beneficial or mutualistic symbiosis are mentioned below:
Some plants have bacteria in the nodules present in their roots. These bacteria take atmospheric nitrogen for survival and convert it to ammonia, helping plants grow well.
The zooxanthellae present inside the coral reefs give them various colors and the corals liberating oxygen helps them survive. When temperature increases, these organisms can't survive among such conditions, leading to corals' death, known as coral bleaching.
Parasitism symbiosis: is a type of symbiosis where the parasitic organism lives inside another organism like a plant. In this case, if the plant dies, the bacteria, fungi, or nematodes remain alive.
Two examples representing parasitism symbiosis are mentioned below:
The fungi growing in the tree branches make the plant ill by taking the nutrients from it or killing it by absorbing whole nutrients for making their community so that nothing is left with the plant or tree.
Nematodes depending on plants, like cyst nematodes, create cysts in the plant's stems or branch of a tree using oral stylet to puncture the plant cells or inject certain enzymes into the plant cells.
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