Place the following events in the formation of stars in the proper chronological sequence, with the oldest first and the youngest last. 1w tho gac and duct in t
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- What is fusion? How does it happen inside a star?Based on what you learned about stellar evolution, select all of the correct statements from the following list. 1. The period of some Cepheid variables actually changes. 2. When getting dimmer, variable stars are releasing energy; when getting brighter they are storing energy. 3. variable stars are expanding and contracting 4. despite their variability, variable stars stay in a specific position on the H-R diagram. 5. A changing period in a Cepheid variable means that the size of the star is changing and that the star is therefore evolving. 6. Only stars on the instability strip are variable. 7. More massive stars will vary their brightness more quickly.We observe a star that is dstar away. How much extinction would there need to be (i.e., what must tau(τ) be) if we had ignored intervening dust, and concluded that it was actually 2*dstar away? Value: dstar = 850 pc
- Order the following statements so that they make sense according to star birth stages 1.At this stage, energy moves to the surface primarily through convection. At the end of this stage, the photosphere's temperature can reach 3,000K 2.In this stage, nuclear fusion starts and the energy transport mechanism switches from convection to radiative diffusion 3.In this stage, nuclear fusion rate is high enough to balance out the rate of radiative energy escape the surface 4.During this stage, gravitational contraction causes its luminosity to decrease because the protostar gets smaller while its surface temperature stays the sameGive ALL correct answers referring to the properties of known stars, i.e., B, AC, BCD... A) On the main sequence, more massive stars are colder. B) High mass stars are the most numerous type of stars observed in the galaxy. C) Giants are colder than main sequence stars at the same luminosity. D) Giants are brighter than dwarfs at the same temperature. E) On the main sequence, more massive stars are dimmer. F) White dwarf stars are much denser than main sequence stars. Hint: White dwarf stars have about the mass of our sun, but are only the size of the Earth. Therefore, they have a very high density.A main sequence star of mass 25 M⊙has a luminosity of approximately 80,000 L⊙. a. At what rate DOES MASS VANISH as H is fused to He in the star’s core? Note: When we say “mass vanish '' what we really mean is “gets converted into energy and leaves the star as light”. Note: approximate answer: 3.55 E14 kg/s b. At what rate is H converted into He? To do this you need to take into account that for every kg of hydrogen burned, only 0.7% gets converted into energy while the rest turns into helium. Approximate answer = 5E16 kg/s c. Assuming that only the 10% of the star’s mass in the central regions will get hot enough for fusion, calculate the main sequence lifetime of the star. Put your answer in years, and compare it to the lifetime of the Sun. It should be much, much shorter. Approximate answer: 30 million years.
- Match each statement with the appropriate item (If the first corresponds to B and the next 4 to C, enter BCCCC) 1) stars that have evolved off the main sequence and are growing in luminosity due to a hydrogen burning shell 2) young, spread out star cluster 3) cooler stars in a cluster that have not yet evolved off the main sequence 4) stars that are burning helium in their core 5) old, dense star cluster A. red-giant branch B. open cluster C. lower main sequence D. horizontal branch stars E. globular clusterCluster Sizes. An open cluster is a collection of 10 to 1000 stars in a region about 25 pc in diameter. About how far apart are the stars in an open cluster in units of pc? (Hints: What share of the cluster's volume belongs to a single 4 Tr. Use the cited value for the maximum number of stars in your calculation.) star? The volume of a sphere is pc.Match each characteristic below of a one-solar-mass star to its appropriate phase. Answer M for Main-sequence Star, or P for Protostar. If the first is M and the rest P, enterMPPPPPP). A) energy generated by nuclear fusion B) pressure and gravity are NOT precisely balanced. C) surface radiates energy at same rate that core generates energy D) radius much larger than the Sun E) energy generated by gravitational contraction F) lasts about 10 billion years G) luminosity much greater than the Sun
- Suppose two protostars form at the same time, one with a mass of 0.5MSunSun [Select ALL answers that are true in alphabetical order]A) The 10MSun protostar will have a smaller change in surface temperature during this phase than the 0.5MSun protostar.B) The 10MSun protostar will reach the main sequence cooler and fainter than the 0.5MSun protostar.C) The 10MSun star will end its main-sequence life before the 0.5MSun star even completes its protostar stage.D) The 10MSun protostar will have a smaller change in luminosity during the sequence shown than the 0.5MSun protostar.E) The 10MSun protostar will be much more luminous than the 0.5MSun protostar.In the star clusters shown, which one is younger and why?Match each statement with the appropriate item (if the first corresponds to B and the next 4 to C, enter BCCCC) 1) group of stars that was formed all at the same time, with the same composition 2) the top of the main sequence of a cluster; more massive stars in the cluster have already evolved 3) globular clusters stars that are burning helium in their core 4) young, spread out star cluster 5) old, dense star cluster A. main sequence turnoff B. open cluster C. star cluster D. horizontal branch stars E. globular cluster