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physical defense 4. What component of the human epidermis functions to make the skin's surface extremely tough and resistant to bacterial enzymes? proteases keratin hypodermis dermis

physical defense 4. What component of the human epidermis functions to make the skin's surface extremely tough and resistant to bacterial enzymes? proteases keratin hypodermis dermis

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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**Understanding Immunity: Innate and Acquired Mechanisms** **Question 2: Defining Innate Immunity** *When referring to immunity, what does the term innate imply?* **Options:** 1. the mechanism will provide defense against many different types of pathogens 2. the mechanism will be built-in and present at birth 3. the mechanism will develop based upon exposure to specific pathogens 4. the mechanism will be acquired over an individual's lifetime **Explanation:** Innate immunity refers to the natural defenses with which an individual is born. Unlike adaptive immunity, which develops over time through exposure to specific pathogens, innate immunity offers immediate protection and is non-specific, meaning it can defend against various types of pathogens. **Question 3: Breach of Defense Mechanism** *Suppose that an individual's arm is cut, and because of this injury, bacteria are able to gain entry to the body and cause disease. What type of defense has been breached (overcome)?* **Options:** 1. chemical defense 2. adaptive defense 3. physical defense **Explanation:** In this scenario, the physical barrier of the skin has been breached. The intact skin acts as a physical defense, preventing the entry of pathogens. When the skin is cut or damaged, this first line of defense is compromised, allowing bacteria to enter the body and potentially cause infection. **Question 4: Skin's Resistance to Bacterial Enzymes** *What component of the human epidermis functions to make the skin's surface extremely tough and resistant to bacterial enzymes?* **Options:** 1. proteases 2. keratin 3. hypodermis 4. dermis **Explanation:** Keratin is the key component in this context. It is a fibrous protein found in the epidermal cells of the skin, making the skin's surface tough and durable. This tough layer resists invasion by bacterial enzymes, serving as a crucial element in the physical defense system of the body. Understanding these fundamental aspects of immunity helps in recognizing how the body protects itself against infectious agents and the importance of maintaining the integrity of its defensive barriers.
Transcribed Image Text:**Understanding Immunity: Innate and Acquired Mechanisms** **Question 2: Defining Innate Immunity** *When referring to immunity, what does the term innate imply?* **Options:** 1. the mechanism will provide defense against many different types of pathogens 2. the mechanism will be built-in and present at birth 3. the mechanism will develop based upon exposure to specific pathogens 4. the mechanism will be acquired over an individual's lifetime **Explanation:** Innate immunity refers to the natural defenses with which an individual is born. Unlike adaptive immunity, which develops over time through exposure to specific pathogens, innate immunity offers immediate protection and is non-specific, meaning it can defend against various types of pathogens. **Question 3: Breach of Defense Mechanism** *Suppose that an individual's arm is cut, and because of this injury, bacteria are able to gain entry to the body and cause disease. What type of defense has been breached (overcome)?* **Options:** 1. chemical defense 2. adaptive defense 3. physical defense **Explanation:** In this scenario, the physical barrier of the skin has been breached. The intact skin acts as a physical defense, preventing the entry of pathogens. When the skin is cut or damaged, this first line of defense is compromised, allowing bacteria to enter the body and potentially cause infection. **Question 4: Skin's Resistance to Bacterial Enzymes** *What component of the human epidermis functions to make the skin's surface extremely tough and resistant to bacterial enzymes?* **Options:** 1. proteases 2. keratin 3. hypodermis 4. dermis **Explanation:** Keratin is the key component in this context. It is a fibrous protein found in the epidermal cells of the skin, making the skin's surface tough and durable. This tough layer resists invasion by bacterial enzymes, serving as a crucial element in the physical defense system of the body. Understanding these fundamental aspects of immunity helps in recognizing how the body protects itself against infectious agents and the importance of maintaining the integrity of its defensive barriers.
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