Perform a chi-square test of independence on the data provided to determine if the genes for flower color and pollen shape in sweet peas are assorting independently. Give the chi-square value, degrees of freedom, and associated probability. What conclusion would you draw about the independent assortment of these genes? Hint: the expected phenotype ratios are 9:3:3:1 instead of 1:1:1:1 due to the type of cross that was performed.

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Inheritance and Mendelian Genetics

Inheritance means the passing of traits to offspring from parents. These traits could be passed either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. The offspring receives the genetic material from the parents. Mendelian inheritance is a certain biological inheritance that follows the rules and principles laid down by Gregor Mendel in 1865. The initial hypothesis was considered wrong, but other inheritance theories modified the concept of inheritance and thus genetics.