Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Catalysis and Enzymatic Reactions
Catalysis is the kind of chemical reaction in which the rate (speed) of a reaction is enhanced by the catalyst which is not consumed during the process of reaction and afterward it is removed when the catalyst is not used to make up the impurity in the product. The enzymatic reaction is the reaction that is catalyzed via enzymes.
Lock And Key Model
The lock-and-key model is used to describe the catalytic enzyme activity, based on the interaction between enzyme and substrate. This model considers the lock as an enzyme and the key as a substrate to explain this model. The concept of how a unique distinct key only can have the access to open a particular lock resembles how the specific substrate can only fit into the particular active site of the enzyme. This is significant in understanding the intermolecular interaction between proteins and plays a vital role in drug interaction.
Question
Draw the major product of each reaction below.
Transcribed Image Text:### Chemical Reaction Explanation
**Reactants:**
- Starting material: A benzene ring attached to an alkyne group (phenylacetylene).
- Reactants: Sodium (Na) and liquid ammonia (NH₃).
**Diagram Description:**
The diagram depicts a chemical reaction where phenylacetylene is transformed using sodium (Na) in the presence of liquid ammonia. In the image:
- The left side shows the structural formula of phenylacetylene, with a benzene ring (hexagon with alternating double bonds) attached to a carbon-carbon triple bond (an alkyne).
- To the right, there is an arrow indicating a reaction, with "Na" and "liquid ammonia" above and below the arrow, respectively.
### Reaction Description:
This representation signifies the process of reducing a carbon-carbon triple bond to a trans (E)-alkene using sodium in liquid ammonia. This reaction is an example of the Birch Reduction. During this reduction process:
1. Sodium donates electrons to the carbon-carbon triple bond.
2. Liquid ammonia acts as the solvent and also provides protons to the intermediate species formed.
The overall transformation results in the conversion of the alkyne group (triple bond) into a trans-alkene (double bond). This specific reaction setup hints at the reduction specifics, important for organic synthesis and understanding the properties and reactivities of different hydrocarbons.
This kind of chemical transformation is particularly useful in organic chemistry for modifications of complex molecules, facilitating the synthesis of various compounds with specific configurations and functionalities.
Transcribed Image Text:### Organic Chemistry Reactions - Study Guide
##### Reaction b: Reduction of Alkyne to Cis-Alkene
**Reactant:**
An alkyne with a phenyl group (benzene ring) attached - specifically, phenylacetylene.
**Reagents and Conditions:**
- **Pd/BaSO4/quinoline (Lindlar's Catalyst)**
- **Solvent: methanol**
**Explanation:**
This reaction involves the selective reduction of an alkyne to a cis-alkene using Lindlar's catalyst. Lindlar's catalyst is a specially prepared palladium catalyst that includes barium sulfate and is poisoned with quinoline to prevent full hydrogenation, allowing the reaction to stop at the alkyne stage.
---
##### Reaction c: Ozonolysis of Alkyne
**Reactant:**
An alkyne with a phenyl group attached - specifically, phenylacetylene.
**Reagents and Conditions:**
1. **Ozone (O₃)**
2. **Water (H₂O)**
**Explanation:**
Ozonolysis is a chemical reaction where ozone (O₃) cleaves the carbon-carbon triple bond in the alkyne, leading to the formation of carboxylic acids or ketones and aldehydes, depending on the structure of the starting material. When water is present, the ozonolysis of terminal alkynes commonly forms carboxylic acids.
---
These detailed descriptions help explain the key aspects and conditions of the reactions for educational purposes.
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