PCR has many useful applications. However, an incorrect application of PCR is: a) Amplification of any gene of interest from genomic DNA O b) Screening various foods for genes that are typical in genetically modified organisms c) Identification of microbial DNA in a sample (viral or bacterial) d) Amplification of any protein of interest
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is a macromolecule which is responsible for the transfer of hereditary information from one generation to the another. DNA is made up of two polydeoxyribonucleotide chains twisted around one another.
The genetic information in the DNA is found only in one of the two strands, that strand is called the coding strand and the other one which does not contain the genetic information is called the non coding strand. These two strands are anti parallel, i.e. one strand is in the 5' to 3' direction whereas the other strand is in the 3' to 5' direction.
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