Evolution
The history and science of origin and evolution comprise two events, the beginning of life and expansion of life. Our earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago. The term evolution is derived from two Latin words and means the act of unfolding or unrolling. English philosopher Herbert Spencer first used it. Evolution is defined as the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. These traits are the manifestations of genes that are passed down from parent to offspring during reproduction.
Cladistics
Cladistics is a technique in the classification of organisms, where they are grouped into different clades. The proof for the relationships that are hypothesized is based on the shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies. These characteristics do not exist in many of the distant ancestors and groups. The common ancestor along with its descendants is considered to be a part of the clade. The rate of closeness is directly proportional to the cladistic grouping and is useful in analyzing the evolutionary mechanism.
Outgroups
Outgroups are significant in studying cladistics or phylogenetics (that describe the evolutionary relationship between different organisms). Further, it is also important to understand the differences and similarities between different organisms.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that works with the identification of organisms at first, then naming, and classification of them into phenetic or phylogenetic groups (a classification system). In other words, it is the scientific study of biological diversity and a part of systematic biology.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetics is the scientific study of how various groups of organisms are related at the evolutionary level. It finds the relationship between various organisms based on their evolutionary similarities and differences. It is a part of the taxonomy. Although the taxonomic study is not only concerned about phylogeny but taxonomic studies are also concerned about the classification and nomenclature of the different individuals from different taxon.
determine the outgroup, monophyletic and paraphyletic groups of the phylogenetic tree given
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50
50
100
50
98
100
99
100
100
88
100
100
-B. patagoniensis DSM 16117¹ (AY258614)
100B. oshimensis JCM 12663 (AB188090)
100-B. Jehensis MTCC 7633 (AY793550)
100-B. macyae DSM 16346¹ (AY032601)
-B. arseniciselenatis DSM 15340 (AF064705)
100-B. okuhidensis JCM 10945 (AB047684)
98
-B. halodurans ATCC 27557 (AB021187)
100 98 -B. hemicellulosilyticus DSM 16731¹ (AB043846)
100-B. pseudalcaliphilus DSM 8725¹ (X76449)
-B. alcalophilus DSM 485¹ (X76436)
-B. bogoriensis LMG 22234 (AY376312)
-B. akibai JCM 9157¹ (AB043858)
100-B. krulwichiae NCIMB 13904¹ (AB086897)
- B. wakoensis DSM 2521¹ (AB043851)
B. okhensis JCM 13040¹ (DQ026060)
88-B. saliphilus DSM 15402 (AJ493660)
100
100-B. algicola KMM 3737¹ (AY228462)
-B. hwajinpoensis JCM 11807 (AF541966)
-B. decolorationis LMG 19507 (AJ315075)
100-B. arsenicus DSM 15822¹ (AJ606700)
-B. barbaricus DSM 14730¹ (AJ422145)
-B. macauensis DSM 17262 (AY373018)
B. gelatini LMG 21880 (AJ551329)
-B. pseu dofirmus DSM 8715¹ (X76439)
-B. gibsonii DSM 8722¹ (X76446)
-B. clausii DSM 8716 (X76440)
100
66
100
98
100L
100
-B. selenitireducens DSM 15326 (AF064704)
-B. agaradhaerens DSM 8721¹ (X76445)
clarkii DSM
B. cellulosilyticus DSM 2522¹ (AB043852)
87 B. vedderi DSM 9768¹ (Z48306)
96
100
Group
7
Group
6
B. horti JCM 9943¹ (D87035)
-B. mannanilyticus DSM 16130¹ (AB043864)
-Caldalkalibacillus thermarum CGMCC 1.4242¹ (AY753654)
Group
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