о-р-о-сн, N. н н CH3 н Н н Н Thymine CH3 Н O=P-0-CH2 o- Н н Н Н Thymine Ultraviolet light н о-р-о-сн, N. "CHз н Н Н CHз Н. O=P-0-CH2 N. Н Н Н н Thymine dimer FIGURE 19.14 Formation and structure of a thymine dimer.

Q: 1) One cell-signaling pathway implicated in the regulation of cell division is the mTOR/Akt pathway.…

A: mTOR/Akt pathway involved in cell division.

Q: chaperone mediated autophagy.

A: Autophagy that is mediated by chaperone proteins is called chaperone-mediated autophagy. The…

Q: Describe the consequences of ER-lumenal accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins in a…

A: The endoplasmic reticulum is considered to be the main site for protein synthesis. Maturation of…

Q: Phorbol esters have been observed to induce the transcription of AP-1–influenced genes. Explain how…

A: Signal transduction is a process in which signals from the extracellular level enter the…

Q: Notably, one subunit of APC itself must remain phosphorylated at a single amino acid during sister…

A: In the phosphorylation reactions, proteins are reversibly modified. It is a regulatory reaction. The…

Q: Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules by inhibiting the disassembly of the tubulin subunits.  What…

A: Answer: Paclitaxel stabilizes  microtubules by inhibiting the disassembly of the tubulin subunits…

Q: Define the term beta-amyloid protein?

A: An significant example is the amyloid-beta precursor protein. It is a large protein in the membrane…

Q: If a hapten conjugates with a carrier molecule, what might the result be?

A: Hapten is a small molecule which can be a protein or carbohydrate anything foreign to the body and…

Q: Describe three mechanisms cells use to repair thymine dimers.

A: Answer: Introduction: Pyrimidine dimers are molecular abrasions produced by thymine or cytosine…

Q: Virtually all cancer treatments are designed to killcancer cells, usually by inducing apoptosis.…

A: Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL or APML) is a cancer of the white blood corpuscles. Abnormal…

Q: Why is G1 a crucial time in the life of a cell?

A: G1 or gap 1 phase is the first phase of interphase or resting phase in the cell cycle.

Q: Briefly discuss somatic hypermutation. What is the function of SH? What does SH result in? Name the…

A: Introduction:- The majority of antibodies that express germ-line sequences have a poor affinity.…

Q: The melatonin receptor exists in different isoforms: MT1, encoded by MT-1 gene and MT2, encoded by…

A: The DNA is a double stranded nucleic acid that contain 4 types of nitrogenous bases that are adenine…

Q: Identify the two general functions of the proteins encoded bytumor-suppressor genes.

A: Gene is the unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offsprings. Proto-oncogenes are…

Q: How would a dominant-negative Arf1 protein affect (or not) the following processes.…

A: Arf1 is a small GTPase that is involved in vesicular transport. It has been shown to play a role in…

Q: True or false If cells were treated with a weak base such as ammonia or chloroquine, which raises…

A: False

Q: Define polytenization.

A: The genetic material that is responsible for carrying genetic information from one generation to…

Q: In the cells of patients with I-cell disease, their newly synthesized lysosomal proteins are not…

A: All organisms are made of numerous cells. Aptly cells are the building blocks of an organism.  Cells…

Q: What cellular response is activated in response to a large number of misfolded proteins?

A: Protein misfolding and aggregation is one among the many problems that cause neurodegenerative…

Q: A mutated form of protein p5x is found in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. In vitro studies…

A: A gene that produces a protein that is essential for regulating cell division and death and is…

Q: Certain types of cancerous lung tumors can secrete hormones normally made by the pancreas, adrenal…

A: Lung neoplasms are a form of cancer that occurs in the lung cells most likely in individuals who…

Q: What is the purpose of having a sex hormone binding protein within the blood stream? What is the…

A: Hi! Thank you for your question. But as you have posted multiple questions and have not mentioned…

Q: (46) A mutated form of protein pox is found in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. In vitro…

A: Cancer is a complex and multifaceted illness that emerges from the disturbance of ordinary cellular…

Q: ulate the cell cycle called tumar supressors

A: Tumor suppressor genes can be defined as the normal genes that affect the process of cell division…

Q: Discuss models for how amyloid fibrils form from unfolded or misfolded proteins and for how the cell…

A: Misfolded proteins result in many degenerative diseases and this often occurs due to several…

Q: Where in the cell would you expect to find lysosomal hydrolases if the enzyme that adds phosphate…

A: Our cell contains numerous proteins and each protein has a target location. The location of the…

Q: Which are the events causing loss-of-heterozygosity in somatic cells of RB+/RB− individuals?

A: The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material that is inherited by the progeny from the…

Q: The DNA located inside of mitochondria exhibits approximately ten times the mutation rate seen in…

A: Mitochondria is a double membrane-bound cell organelle that is used to generate ATP molecules…

Q: why anaphase I is important?

A: Anaphase1 is the third stage  during meiosis 1  after the completion prophase1 and  metaphase1 .…

Q: Nucleation of straight, single line microfilaments is mediated by which of the following? Rho GTPase…

A: The nucleation of actin filaments is a tightly regulated process that involves several proteins.…

Q: A particular error in the CFTR gene results in the replacement of the amino acid Phe with Ser at…

A: Cystic fibrosis is a type of autosomal recessive disorder which causes improper ion transport &…

Q: What is the likely nature of the morphogenetic substance that gives rise to alkaline phosphatase?

A: Morphogens are proteins which control morphogenesis of an organism. Morphogens play a key role in…

Q: Individuals with the hereditary disorder ataxia telangiectasia suffer from neurodegeneration,…

A: Ataxia-telangiectasia is a genetic disorder caused by a point mutation in the ATM gene.

Q: The tumor suppressor pRB also binds to and suppresses the activity of retinoblastoma-binding protein…

A: Mutation in genes is the process of change in the nucleotide sequence of the genome.

Q: Changes in the activity of a variety of Cdks are essential for accurate progression through the cell…

A: A series of events which takes place in a cell due to which it divides and forms two daughter cells…

Q: Explain the nature of the morphogenetic substance that gives rise to alkaline phosphatase.

A: Morphogens are proteins that regulate an organism's morphogenesis. Morphogens are essential to an…

Q: How is the activation of the GAL1 gene prevented in thepresence of galactose and glucose?

A: The process wherein the expression of GAL genes is inhibited in the presence of glucose is known as…

Q: what are mitophagy protein complex and what are they do?

A: Mitochondria are fundamental organelles that manage cellular energy homeostasis and ending ofthe…

Q: Describe the effects of the over-expression of mdm2 on cell proliferation and apoptosis on cell…

A: Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) is a gene isolated from a mouse chromosome and is encodes MDM2…

Q: What is a HL7 conformance statement, or what are HL7 messages?

A: Nowadays the healthcare technologies have been improved in many ways. The health care workers can…

Nitrogen metabolism

Nitrogen metabolism is the synthesis, utilization or uptake, breakdown, and excretion of nitrogenous compounds in the body. The nitrogen metabolism encompasses nitrogen fixation, biosynthesis, and the breakdown of amino acids, purines, and pyrimidine. Since nitrogen-containing compounds are required for various life processes, nitrogen is an important element of life.