One of our neighbours, Mars, has an average solar constant of SM = 589 Wm−2, an albedo of AM 0.24, and a surface temperature of -46◦C. What would its atmospheric emissivity, ϵM, need to be to achieve that surface temperature?
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One of our neighbours, Mars, has an average solar constant of SM = 589 Wm−2, an albedo
of AM 0.24, and a surface temperature of -46◦C. What would its atmospheric emissivity, ϵM,
need to be to achieve that surface temperature?
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- 1. (a) Calculate thermal escape times for H, He, and H2O on Mars with exosphere temperatures of 210 K and 1000 K. Comment on the volatile history on Mars if transient events ever heated its exosphere to 1,000 K for 1 My (b)Why is the calculation inadequate to fully explain the escape of Martian volatiles?What is the mass of Mars (6.39 ✕ 1023 kg) in MJ?Why did Venus suffer from the runaway greenhouse effect but Earth has avoided it so far?
- Why are the atmospheres of Venus and Mars mostly carbon dioxide?(not "a booklet question") 12.2. What is the relative ratio of energy received at the top of Mars's and Venus's atmosphere compared with that at the top of the Earth's atmosphere? Use Sun Mars distance: 228x10° m, Sun-Earth distance: 150x10° m, Sun-Venus distance; 108x10° m (5P)What heating rate (units: W/m2 = Js-1m-2) would be required to warm the ocean by that 1°C in 100 years (3x109 s)?
- What is one of the Mars missions that is currently operating and write about the mission’s history, goals, and accomplishments to date.According to http://hyperphysics.phy-str.gsu.edu/hbase/solar/venusenv.html, the atmosphere of Venus is approximately 96.5% CO2 and 3.5% N2 by volume. On the surface, where the temperature is about 750 K and the pressure is about 90 atm, what is the density of the atmosphere?The solar insolation at the top of the atmosphere is about 342 W/m^2. The total radiation absorbed at the surface of the Earth is 494 W/m^2. Explain how it is possible to absorb more radiation at the surface than comes in at the top of the atmosphere. (Answer should be one paragraph long)
- Construct a time series graph to show how insolation received at 0o latitude at the top of Earth’s atmosphere varies throughout the year. The vertical axis is divided into 1 cm intervals; beginning at 0 W/m2, let 1 cm represent 50 W/m2. Plot points on this graph (showing insolation for a given month) and join the points with a smooth, continuous line. On the same graph, draw similar lines for 50oN, 50oS, 80oN, and 80oSWithout the greenhouse effect, Earth's average surface temperature would be about 250 K. With the greenhouse effect, it is some 40 K higher. Use this information and Stefan's law to calculate the fraction of infrared radiation leaving Earth's surface that is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphereWhy is Mars red?